阅读猜答案技巧.pdf

www TopwayEwww TopwayE 第一章 快速阅读 7 种猜答案技巧 锦囊妙计 1院先读题再读文章 快速阅读理解主要考查 skimming 和 scanning 的能力袁即略读和查读能力遥 而 6 级快速阅读的文章在 1150 词左右袁共 10 道题遥 要在 10 分钟之内答完袁可 行的办法是先读题尧读懂题袁再带着问题去浏览文章开头尧结尾部分及各个小 标题袁快速查找定位遥 锦囊妙计 2院关键词定位 1 特殊字符定位法遥 如果题干中含有数字尧人名尧地名尧特殊符号等袁则均 可用来进行初步定位遥 2 生词 大词定位法遥 如果题干中含有难以用其他表达方法进行替换的 野大词冶袁则无论其是否题眼袁也可用来进行初步定位遥 3 修饰成分定位法遥如果题干中无上述情况出现袁则可根据题干中限定性 的形容词尧副词或其比较级尧最高级定位信息源曰或者也可利用题干中的定语 从句或插入语等修饰成分进行查找定位遥 例 1 According to Gallagher and Skenazy children who are watchful will be better able to stay away from 2009 6 T8 定位 根据题干中的人名 Gallagher 和 Skenazy 定位遥 例 2 What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers 2008 12 T5 A It threatens their health B It heightens their spirits C It suppresses their appetite D It slows down their metabolism 定位 根据题干中的生词 nicotine 结合 smokers 定位遥 例 3 According to Geoffrey Miller science will offer a more practical univer鄄 sal and rewarding moral framework in place of 2008 6 T10 原文Society Geoffrey Miller evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico says院野The US will follow the UK in realising that religion is not a prerequisite 前提 for ordinary human decency 冶 野Thus science will kill religion要not by reason challenging faith butbyofferingamorepractical universalandrewardingmoral framework for human interaction 冶 He also predicts that野absurdly wasteful冶 displays of wealth will become unfashionable while the importance of close鄄knit communities and families will become clearer These three changes he says will help make us all 野brighter wiser happier and kinder冶 解析 根据题干中的人名 Geoffrey Miller 查找到小标题 Society 下袁 根据 more practical universal and rewarding moral framework 进一步查找至该部分 的第 2 段袁 本题答案应填入 science will kill religion 这句话中的宾语 religion遥 锦囊妙计 3院顺序性答题原则 通常来说袁快速阅读的题目在原文中的出现是有一定顺序的袁准确定位前 一题后袁便可顺着原文查找下一题的出处遥 因此袁解题时袁一定要按顺序进行查 找遥 如果遇到一时无法定位的题目袁可以先定位下一题袁再回过头在前后两题 之间进行定位遥 锦囊妙计 4院见到什么选什么 快速阅读选择题的选项设置有一个显著的特点院正确选项照抄原文袁干扰 项无中生有尧没有原文依据或只是原文的片言只字袁因此袁此种题型可以运用 野见到什么选什么冶的技巧袁哪个选项与原文的语句重合最多袁它就是正确选项遥 例 4 What does the European Union plan to do 2007 12 T2 A Diversify energy supply B Cut energy consumption C Reduce carbon emissions D Raise production efficiency 原文 No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda On Jan 10 the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020 Last March China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020 Even George W Bush the Texas oilman is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week 解析 根据题干中的 European Union 可定位上文第 2 句袁该句提到了 a plan to cut energy use袁选项 B 重复了其中的 cut energy袁而 consumption 是 use 的同义词袁因此该选项是与原文词语重合最多的选项袁可以确定其为本 题答案遥选项 A 中也有 energy 一词袁但其他两个词难以在原文找到袁与原 文的重合性不如选项 B曰选项 C 和 D 都是与 European Union 无关的内容遥 锦囊妙计 5院利用选项缩小搜索范围 快速阅读文章常引用数据袁出题者通常会将位置相近袁形态相同的数字尧 人名尧地名设置为选项袁题干则与其中一个相关遥 这种选择题的选项通常很简 短袁有些甚至只有一两个词袁这时袁我们可以以选项为定位工具袁在原文逐个查 找选项的内容是否符合题意遥 一旦确定某个选项为正确答案袁其他选项就无需 再花时间查找遥 这样比仅靠题干关键词定位效率更高袁找到正确答案的用时也 可缩短遥 快速阅读不是仔细阅读袁选项的设置不会拐弯抹角袁一般见到什么就 选什么袁将本技巧与上一个技巧巧妙结合袁可以节省大量时间遥 例 5 How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light 2007 12 T4 1 2 www TopwayEwww TopwayE A A small portion B Some 40 percent C Almost half D 75 to 80 percent 原文Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world蒺s electricity or the equiva鄄 lent of roughly 600 000 tons of coal a day Forty percent of that powers old鄄fashioned incandescent light bulbs要a 19th鄄century technologythat wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat Compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light but they also last 10 times longer Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year 解析 因为本题选项涉及数字袁 我们可先据此将信息源的范围缩小至上文两 段遥 在 4 个选项中袁选项 B尧C 和 D 都是确定的数字袁比较明显袁我们就从 这些选项入手袁如果在原文找不到相关内容袁我们可以结合排除法确定 剩下的选项 A 为正确答案曰但如果能找到袁就无需再花时间在选项 A 上遥 选项 B 中的 40 可在上文首段第 2 句找到袁选项 D 中的 75 to 80 可在第 2 段首句找到袁但这些数字都不符合题意曰选项 C 中的 half 等同于 50 袁 因此可在原文查找 half 或 50 等内容袁但原文中根本没有相关的数字遥 否 定了这三个选项后袁剩下的选项 A 就是本题答案遥事实上袁原文包含关键 词 incandescent bulbs 的句子都很难理解袁 难以从中快速地得到正确答 案袁所以从选项入手比较好遥 锦囊妙计 6院注意句子填空题的词性和逻辑转换 6 级快速阅读的填空题通常要对原文相关内容用另一种词性或逻辑进行 表述袁这就要求考生能迅速进行转换遥 考生应该牢牢抓住原文和题干的逻辑袁 充分利用信号词渊如连词或介词冤袁剔除二者相同的地方袁就可以确定空白处应 填入何种信息遥 词性的转换通常涉及动词尧名词尧形容词尧副词尧分词之间的转换袁这要求 我们掌握同一词族的各种词性单词的拼写遥 虚词如介词尧连词等通常不设作考 点袁无须理会遥 逻辑转换通常可能有以下转换形式院 荫否定句与肯定句之间的转换 荫主动句与被动句之间的转换 荫因果之间的转换 荫条件与目的之间的转换 荫时间顺序的转换 例 6 During an interview with potential employers self鄄honoring or self鄄love may help a job seeker to show 2007 6 T7 原文 Self鄄honoring or self鄄love may seem like an odd step for job hunters but being able to accept yourself without judgment helps eliminate insecurities and will make you more self鄄assured By accepting who you are要all you emotions hopes and dreams your personality and your unique way of being要you蒺ll project more confidence when networking and talking with potential employers The power of self鄄honoring can help to break all the falsehoods you were programmed to believe要those that made you feel that you were not good enough or strong enough or intelligent enough to do what you truly desire 解析 以题目中的 self鄄honoring 和 self鄄love 为题眼定位上文首句后袁 可知原文 该句末的 will make 与考点前的 may help to show 语义和功能相同袁 不同的是袁原文 make you 后是形容词袁而考点必须填写名词袁作 show 的 宾语袁 这时袁 必须将原文的形容词 more self鄄assured 变形为名词 more self鄄assurance 才能符合题目要求遥 锦囊妙计 7院确保句子填空题的语言形式无误 明确了所填信息的内容袁但还要用正确的语言形式把它表达出来遥 我们必 须弄清楚所填内容在整个句子中充当什么成分渊主语尧谓语动词尧宾语尧表语尧 定语或状语冤袁继而根据这些成分判断空白处需填入名词尧动名词尧动词不定 式尧动词的过去分词尧形容词还是介词等遥 可以利用一些信号词来进行判断院 荫介词后需要填入名词或动名词 荫to 后需填入动名词或动词原形 荫系动词后需填入名词尧动名词尧动词不定式尧动词的过去分词尧形容词袁或 介词短语等 例 7 1 Many people are too scared to pursue their dreams because they are unwilling to 2007 6 T9 2 Each year 500袁000 space tourists could be flying into space if ticket prices could be lowered to 2006 12 T9 解析 上面两题考点前都是 to袁但要注意 T1 的 to 是不定式的信号词袁后应填写 动词原形曰而 T2 的 to 是介词袁后应填写名词或动名词遥 在做题的过程中 不要盲目地见到 to 就填写动词原形遥 第二章 短句问答 3 种猜答案技巧 锦囊妙计 1院尽量利用原文的关键词作答 短句问答题的答案一般都能从原文中直接找到袁但也有部分只需对原文 进行改写遥 除非语法形式上必要的改写袁考生应尽量利用原文作答袁以避免书 写和语法之类的错误遥 例 1 By promoting野body activism 冶 University of Texas psychologists aim to prevent girls from 2009 6 T48 3 4 www TopwayEwww TopwayE 原文 What is surprising is the method psychologists at the University of Texashavecomeupwithtokeepgirlsfromdevelopingeating disorders Their main weapon against superskinny role models a brand of civil disobedience dubbed 野body activism 冶 解析 根据题干中的 University of Texas psychologists 查找到上文遥 原文中的 keep from doing sth 对应题干中的 prevent from doing sth 袁所以只需 要把原文中 from 之后的内容填入空白之处即可遥 例 2 In the early years of Nike communication within the company was usu鄄 ally carried out 2008 12 T50 原文 In 1964 Knight and Bowerman contributed 500 each to form Blue Ribbon Sports the predecessor of Nike In the first few years Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets The first employ鄄 ees hired by Knight were former college athletes The company did not have the money to hire 野experts冶 and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowl鄄 edgeable in the field In its early years the organization operated in an unconventionalmannerthatcharacterizeditsinnovativeanden鄄 trepreneurial approach to the industry Communication was informal peo鄄 ple discussed ideas and issues in the hallways on a run or over a beer 解析 此处需要副词袁修饰动词短语 carried out遥 根据 Nike 和 communication 查 找到上文第 6 句遥 原文信息是 Communication was informal袁 但 informal 是形容词袁答案应该在 informal 后面加鄄ly 变成副词 informally遥 锦囊妙计 2院注意回答和提问的形式一致 短句问答题常考查考查考生对某些特定细节的理解袁 形式通常是填空式 或 wh鄄 how 题袁遥这些题的答案一般都能从原文中直接找到袁也有部分需对原文 进行改写遥 回答时要注意答案与问题在语言形式上的一致性遥 例 3 What qualities of Bowerman蒺s teams formed the basis of Nike蒺s early management style 2008 12 T51 原文 There was little task differentiation There were no job descriptions rigid reporting systems or detailed rules and regulations The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman蒺s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nike 解析 根据 Bowerman蒺s teams 和 basis of Nike蒺s early management style 查找 到上文袁再利用问题的信息结构 What qualities formed the basis 和原 句的信息结构 sth and provided the basis 在意义上的匹配袁找到原句 主语部分的信息 sth 袁 自然就得到问题的答案 The team spirit and shared values of the athletes 了遥 例 4 What do we know about the author蒺s house from the sentence 野Gibbs and I did have a close call 冶 2006 12 T49 原文 Though we蒺ve never had a catastrophic loss such as that Gibbs and I did have a close call shortly before we decided to simplify At that time we lived in a fire zone One night a firestorm raged through and destroyed over six hundred homes in our community That tragedy gave us the opportunity to look objectively at the goods we蒺d accumulated 解析 结合上下文袁 根据后文 600 多家房子被烧毁袁 而 have a close call 表明 Gibbs and I 幸免于难袁这说明他们的房子勉强躲过这次火灾遥 问题的主 语是 house袁回答时应该用 it袁因此本题答案可为院It narrowly escaped the firestorm 锦囊妙计 3院使用最短表达法 短句问答题也叫简答题袁这就意味着回答时能用单词就不用短语袁能用短 语就不用句子遥 做到这两点还可赢得时间袁 避免诸如书写和语法之类的错 误遥 例 5 Where do girls get the notion that they need to be thin in order to be considered beautiful 2009 6 T47 原文 There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be consid鄄 ered beautiful 解析 本题询问女孩们是从哪里得到野瘦即是美冶这一观念的遥 要回答 where 的 提问袁就要找到原文现在分词 giving 的逻辑主语遥 注意回答应该是野They get the notion from 冶袁可以用省略形式 From TV and fashion magazines 避免书写和语法之类的错误遥 第三章 篇章阅读 2 种猜答案技巧 锦囊妙计 1院正确选项的命题规律 荫概括性比较强的尧含义深刻的选项 荫符合常识和规律尧意义深刻尧富有哲理的选项 荫对原文进行同义替换的选项 荫选项中若有一对形似或神似的选项袁答案通常在其中 例 1 Why do Americans feel humiliated 2008 6 T52 A Their economy is plunging B Their currency has slumped C They can蒺t afford trips to Europe D They have lost half of their assets 5 6 www TopwayEwww TopwayE 原文 The weak dollar is a source of humiliation 屈辱 for a nation蒺s self鄄 esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency It蒺s also a potential economic problem since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U S economy要from giant companies like Coca鄄Cola to mom鄄and鄄pop restaurant operators in Miami要for which the weak dollar is most excellent news 解析 根据题干中的 humiliated 查找到上文首句遥 原文提到疲软的美元造成了 屈辱感袁野因为一个国家的自尊部分在于其货币的势能冶袁 这说明美元贬 值造成了这种屈辱感袁B 项概括了首句的内容袁故正确遥 例 2 How do people often measure progress in agriculture 2008 12 T52 A By its productivity B By its sustainability C By its impact on the environment D By its contribution to economic growth 原文 Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use This is especially true in agriculture where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives 解析 上文最后一句提到袁在农业领域尤其如此袁人们常常认为可持续发展是 衡量农业进步的唯一方法袁这与选项 B野用可持续性来衡量农业的进步冶 意思基本一致袁B 中的 sustainability 即原文 sustainable development的同 义表达遥 锦囊妙计 2院错误选项的命题规律 荫意义太具体或肤浅地表达了原文字面意思的选项 荫语气太绝对的选项 荫照抄或者几乎照抄原文的选项不是答案 例 3 What does the author think of traditional farming practices 2008 12 T54 A They have remained the same over the centuries B They have not kept pace with population growth C They are not necessarily sustainable D They are environmentally friendly 原文To start with it is important to remember that the nature of agricul鄄 ture has changed markedly throughout history and will continue to do so Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today It had minimal effect on biodiversity and any pollution it caused was typically localised In terms of energy use and the nutrients 营养成分 captured in the product it was relatively inefficient All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th This will require radical thinking For example we need tomove away from the ideathat traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be野zero impact冶 The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage 解析 根据题干中的 traditional farming practices 查找到上文第 2 段第 3 句遥 原文说野我们需要改变以前的想法袁不应再坚信传统的方法就一定比新 方法更加具有可持续性冶袁故选 C遥 原文的 move away from 含有否定宾语 的意味遥A野传统农业几个世纪以来一直没什么改变冶过于绝对袁与上文第 1 段首句 changed markedly 相矛盾曰B 野传统农业没有和人口的增长保持 同步冶在原文未提及曰D野传统农业是环境友好型的冶袁与上文提到的野中世 纪农业造成的污染是局部的冶相矛盾遥 第四章 练习 快速阅读院 Trust Me I蒺m a Robot With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor To address these concerns leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences要an international group of scientists academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non鄄proliferation of nuclear weapons要the new group of robo鄄ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa Italy and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo Sicily 野Security and safety are the big concerns 冶 says Henrik Christensen chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm Should robots that are strong enough or heavy e鄄 nough to crush people be allowed into homes Is 野system malfunction冶 a jus鄄 tifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes 违反 the Geneva 7 8 www TopwayEwww TopwayE Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians 野These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant 冶 says Dr Christensen According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe蒺s World Robotics Survey in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts By the end of 2003 there were more than 600袁000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers要a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly and South Korea has set a goal that 100 of households shouldhave domestic robots by 2020 In light of all this it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now says Dr Christensen Stop right there So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces 野Not enough 冶 says Blay Whitby This is hardly surprising given that the field of野safety鄄critical computing冶 is barely a decade old he says But things are changing and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer One approach which sounds simple enough is try to program them to avoid contact with people altogether But this is much harder than it sounds Getting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way 野Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future since they will increasingly have self鄄learning mechanisms built into them 冶 says Gianmarco Veruggio 野As a result their behaviour will becomeimpossibletopredictfully 冶hesays 野sincetheywillnotbe behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go 冶 Then there is the question of unpredictable failures What happens if a robot蒺s motors stop working or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee You can of course build in redundancy by adding backup systems says Hirochika Inoue But this guarantees nothing he says 野One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology 冶 says Dr Inoue This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour he says Or to put it another way no matter how sophisticatedyourrobotisatavoidingpeople peoplemightnotalways manage to avoid it and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs Legal problems In any case says Dr Inoue the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances both domestic and industrial Every toaster lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimize the risk of causing injury要yet people still manage to electrocute 电死 themselves lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal At the very least robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products The question is whether new robot鄄 specific rules are needed要and if so what they should say 野Making sure robots are safe will be critical 冶 says Colin Angle of iRobot which has sold over 2m野Roomba冶 household鄄vacuuming robots But he argues that his firm蒺s robots are in fact much safer than some popular toys 野A radio鄄controlled car controlled by a six鄄year old is far more dangerous than a Roomba 冶 he says If you tread on a Roomba it will not cause you to slip over instead a rubber pad on its base grips the floor and prevents it from moving 野Existing regulations will address much of the challenge 冶 says Mr Angle 野I蒺m not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special treatment 冶 Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil courts as a matter of product liability 野When the first robot carpet鄄sweeper sucks up a baby who will betoblame 冶asks JohnHallam a professor attheUniversityof Southern Denmark in Odense If a robot is autonomousandcapableof learning can its designer be held responsible for all its actions Today the answer to these questions is generally 野yes冶 But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut he says 野Right now no insurance company is prepared to insure robots 冶 says Dr Inoue But that will have to change he says Last month Japan蒺s Ministry of Trade and Ind