初中英语形容词和副词讲解.doc

初中英语形容词和副词讲解 一 形容词 （一）定义 用来描写或修饰名词或代词说明人或事物的特征或性质。 （二）形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 1. 做定语。e.g. This is an old house. 2. 做表语。e.g. I am sorry to hear that. 3. 做宾语不足语。e.g. She made her mother angry. 4. 形容词在句中的位置。 形容词做定语修饰名词时放在名词前面。修饰复合不定代词时要放在复合不定代词之后。e.g. She is a clever girl. I saw something white in the water. 形容词修饰带有表量度的词或者词组时定语后置。 e.g. The bridge is one hundred meters long . 5. 某些形容词前加上定冠词the,可以代表一类人或东西可以用作主语宾语等。做主语时当复数看待。e.g. The old are well looked after. We all love the beautiful. 二 副词 （一）定义 用来修饰动词形容词其他副词以及全。 （二）用法 1. 作状语。e.g. They work hard .(副词修饰动词 They are quite right .副词修饰形容词 He park the car very easily .副词修饰副词 Unfortunately,he was out.副词修饰整个句子 2.作定语 时间副词和地点副词可以做后置定语。e.g. The students here are all from Hubei. 3.作表语。 e.g. What is on this evening?(今晚上演什么节目。 4.作宾语补足语。e.g. Dont let him in. 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类1) 时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterdaybefore, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing.2) 地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3) 方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4) 程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5) 疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?（三） 副词在句中的位置1) 多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2) 频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：He usually gets up early.Ive never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.4) 程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.5) 副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.（四） 部分常用副词的用法1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very 用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much better now.Much 可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either 这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either.3) already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如： He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如： My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I. 三 形容词和副词的比较等级 在英语中形容词和副词有原级比较级和最高级之分。原级就是它们的原形比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化。 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级变化 1. 规则变化 （一） 单音节词和部分双音节词 (1) 一般在词尾加er,est. hard-harder-hardest great-greater-greatest (2) 以字母e结尾的加r,st. nice-nicer-nicest able-abler-ablest (3) 重读闭音节中末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写辅音字母再加er,est. big-bigger-biggest fat-fatter-fatter red-redder-reddest thin-thinner-thinnest hot-hotter-hottest wet-wetter-wettest （二） 多音节词和部分双音节词,在其前加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级。 polite-more polite-most polite exciting-more exciting-most exciting interesting-more interesting-most imnteresting carefully-more carefully-most carefully quickly-more quickly-most quickly happily-more happily-most happily （三） 表示“较不-”和“最不-”时可用less和least. difficult-less difficult-least difficult interesting-less interesting-least interesting 2.不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good better best well better best bad/ill worse worst badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest 形容词和副词级的用法 原级: (1)原级的基本用法 句型: 主语+谓语动词+as+原级+as+比较对象 (前者与后者一样.) 主语+.not+as/so+原级+as+比较对象 (前者不如后者那么.) The coat is as old as that one . The weather in Beijing is not as/so hot as that in Shanghai . (2)原级的特殊用法 1)表示是.的几倍. 句型: .times +as +原级 + as . This house is three times as largeas that one . He can run five three times as fast as his brother. 3)表示尽可能. 句型: .as + 原级 + as possible/one can. We should get up as early as possible/we can.比较级：1) 两者人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物)，用比较级。在“比较级+than ” 的句型中，当than 前后所使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词代替后面的动词。（该动词或助词也可以省略）。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.2）The+形容词比较级., the+形容词比较级. 表示 越. 就越.。The more you study, the more you know.3） 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 , 表示 越来越. 。Its getting hotter and hotter.4） the + 形容词 表示某种人。He always helps the poor.形容词和副词最高级：用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较，其中有一个在某方面超过其他几个。形容词最高级的前面一般要定冠词the ,后面可以带of / in 介词短语来说明比较的范围。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 注：1. 在形容词和副词的比较级前， 有时可以用much ,far,a lot ,a little 等来修饰 e.g . much better , a liite more interesting2. 比较级通常和than连用，而最高级通常跟有定冠词the;同级比较一般用asas表示“与一样”，这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来，而notsoas则表示后者比前者强，翻译为“不如”。形容词和副词专项练习( ) 1. This box is_ that one. A.heavy than B. so heavy than C. heavier as D. as heavy as( ) 2 When we speak to people, we should be . A. as polite as possible B. as polite as possibly C. as politely as possible D. as politely as possibly ( ) 3 This book is_ that one, but_ than that one. A. as difficult as; expensive B. as more difficult as; more expensive C. as difficult as; more expensive D. more difficult as; as expensive( ) 4 I think the story is not so _ as that one. A. interesting B. interested C. more interesting D. most interesting ( ) 5 His father began to work_ he was seven years old. A. as old as B. as early as C. since D. while ( ) 6 I think science is _ than Japanese. A. much important B. important C. much more important D. more much important ( ) 7 This pencil is_ than that one. A. longest B. long C. longer D. as long ( ) 8 Do you have _ to tell us? A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything( ) 9 These children are _ this year than they were last year. A. more tall B. more taller C. very taller D. much taller ( ) 10 It was very hot yesterday, but it is_ today. A. even hotter B. more hotter C. much more hot D. much hot ( ) 11 Mrs Black has got_ instead of getting any better. A. more bad B. a little worse C. much badly D. a lot of worse ( ) 12 When we arrived, we found the meeting room crowded with_ students. A. quite a few B. only a few C. few D. a few quite ( ) 13 The house is small for a family of six. A. much too B. too much C. very much D.so ( ) 14 Through the window we can see nothing but _ buildings. A. tall very many B. very many tall C. very tall many D. many very tall ( ) 15 -Whats your brother like? -He is_. A. a driver B. very tall C. my friend D. at school ( ) 16 The jacket was so_ that he decided to buy it. A. much B. little C. expensive D. cheap ( ) 17 Our classroom is_ larger than theirs. A. more B. quite C. very D. much ( ) 18 The earth is about_ as the moon. A. as fifty time big B. fifty times as big C. as big fifty times D. fifty as times big ( ) 19 Your room is mine. A. twice as large than B. twice the size of C. bigger twice than D. as twice large as ( ) 20 Your room is _ than mine. A. three time big B. three times big C. three times bigger D. bigger three times ( ) 21 His father is_than his mother. A. older four years B. as four years older C. four years older D. bigger four years ( ) 22 Maths is more popular than_. A. any other subject B. all the subjects C. any subject D. other subject ( ) 23 China is larger than _ in Africa. A. any other country B. other countries C. the other country D. any country ( ) 24 Tom is stronger than _ in his class. A. any other boy B. any boys C. any boy D. other boy( ) 25 When spring comes, it gets_. A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter ( ) 26 By and by, _ students in our class came to like English. A. more and more B. much and much C. many and many D. less and least ( ) 27 At last he began to cry _. A. hard and hard B. more hard and more hard C. harder and harder D. less hard and less harder ( ) 28 When spring comes the days get _ and nights _. A. short; long B. long; short C. longer; shorter D. shorter; longe( ) 29. _ I look at the picture, _ I like it. A. The best; the more B. The more; the less C. The more; less D. More; the more ( ) 30 _ he read the book, _ he got in it. A. The more; the more interesting B. The less; the more interesting C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested ( ) 31 _ you come back, _ it will be. A, The quicker; the best B. The sooner; the better C. Faster; the better D. The sooner; better ( ) 32 I like_ one of the two books. A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older ( ) 33 Which is_country, China or Japan? A. the large B. the larger C. larger D. largest ( ) 34 Of the two cups, he bought . A. the smaller B. the smallest C. small D: smaller ( ) 35 Which do you like _, tea or coffee? A. well B. better C. best D. most ( ) 36 This work is _ for me than for you.A. difficult B. most difficult C. much difficult D. more difficult ( ) 37 Which do you think tastes _, the chicken or the fish? A.good B. better C. best D. well （ ）38 Im not _ to lift the heavy box. A. short enough B. enough tall C. health enough D. strong enough( ) 39 Dont you think it _ not to write the letter? A. well B. better C. best D. good ( ) 40 Who jumped_of all? A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the most far ( ) 41 Li Lei is_ student in our class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest ( ) 42 The fifth orange is_ of all. Give it to that small child. A. big B. bigger C. the bigger D. the biggest ( ) 43 Who is of you three? A. the oldest B. much older C. oldest D. older ( ) 44 Tom is one of _ boys in our class. A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall ( ) 45 English is one of_ spoken in the world. A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language ( ) 46 Beijing is one of_ in China. A. the largest city B. the large cities C. the larger cities D. the largest cities ( ) 47 Which is_interesting, science, maths or English? A. more B. the most C. very D. too( ) 48 _ like playing football and watching TV. A. Most boys B. Most of they C. Most boy D. More of they ( ) 49 _ are watering the flowers here. A. Some B. Some of the boys C. Some boy D. Some of boys ( ) 50 _ havent been to American. A. Most them B. Most they C. More of them D. Most of them数 词数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词，分基数词和序数词两种。一.基数词表示数量多少的词是基数词，如：one, two, three等。构成方法如下：1）从112分别由从one到twelve12个各不相同的词表示。2）从1319均以后缀-teen结尾。3）从2090的整十数词均以后缀-ty结尾。表示“几十几”时，个位和十位之间需加连字符，如twenty-one, thirty-two, forty-three等。4）数字的写法和读法：十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”； 百位和十位之间要加and； 三位数以上的数，从个位往前数，每三位数加一个逗号“，”，从后往前数的第一个逗号代表thousand,第二个逗号代表million,第三个逗号是billion，注意这几个词不能用复数形式，后也不能加and。 5）表示具体、准确的数目时，hundred, thousand, million等数词后不能加-s, 如five hundred, six thousand, seven million等。6）当hundred, thousand等数词与of连用，表示不具体、不准确的数目时，词尾须加-s。如： thousands of students, millions of trees.二.序数词1）不规则变化2）以-ty结尾的表示“几十”的基数词，先把y变为i，再加-eth 3）表示“第几十几”时，十位数的“几十”仍用基数词，只把个位部分变成序数词就行了。 4）除上述情况外，均在词尾加-th，如ten tenth one hundred one hundredth三. 数词的用法（一）表示事物的编号基数词放到名词的后边,该名词一般要大写；序数词放到名词的前面，加定冠词。第一课 Lesson 1/ the first lesson. Row 3/ the third row（二）年、日、时刻表达方法。“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词，前要加定冠词。读的顺序是月日年。如：1999年5月2日读作：May the second, nineteen ninety。注：“时刻”用基数词表达，同时要注意以下两点。1.表示“整点”时，在基数词后加oclock; 9:00 oclock.2.分钟小于或等于30分钟的，用“分钟数past钟点数”形式；分钟数大于30分钟的，用“到下一个钟点所差的分钟数to下一个钟点数”形式,也可以依次读钟点数和分钟数。 7:20 twenty past seven或seven twenty.3.注意两个特殊的表示时间的单位词：30分钟用half，15分钟用a quarter，如： 6:30 读作：half past six 5:45 读作：a quarter to six 6:15 读作：a quarter past six（三）分数的表达方法表示分数时，分子用基数，分母用序数，分子大于1，分母用复数。分数修饰名词时，后用of短语。如：1/3 one third of teachers 3/7 three sevenths of the boys1/2, 1/4分别用 a half和a quarter表示。（四）“基数词名词形容词”结构“基数词名词形容词”只能用来放到名词前作定语。如：She is a 3-year-old girl.They live in a 7-storey-high building.注：这种结构中名词不能用复数，同时只能作定语。用作表语时，不用连字符，名词有复数。如：Tony is 10 years old this year.Tony is a 10-year-old boy.1. Dick, it is the _ time in _ days that youve made the same mistake.A. two, three B. second, three C. two, thirdD. second, third 解题技巧 以此立意的试题要求考生能正确使用基数词和序数词：基数词用来表达事物的量；序数词用来表达事物的顺序。 本题的第一空表示顺序用序数词second；第二空用基数词three，答案为B。2. It is said that the gravity(引力) on Mars is only about _ of the gravity on earth.A. threeeighthsB. thirdeighthC. threeeightsD. thirdeight解题技巧 以此立意的试题考查考生能否正确使用分数：分子在前用基数，分母在后用序数。分子大于一，分母用复数，分子与分母之间可以用连字符连起来也可以不用连字符，如two thirds或two-thirds；当分数修饰名词作定语时，后要跟of，如：two thirds of students 三分之二的学生本题的选项中只有A项正确。3. How many people will come to Beijing next year?Its hard to say, _ people, I think.A. million ofB. millions of C. three millions D. three millions of 解题技巧 以此立意的试题考查考生能否正确使用hundred等单位数词。表示单位的数词用法分两种情况：1）当放在具体的数字后边，表示具体的“百、千、百万、十亿”时，不能用复数形式，可以直接修饰名词复数，如two thousand students；2）当表示大概的“几百、几千、几百万、几十亿”时，用“复数形式of”结构，前边不能用具体的数字，如：thousands of students。本题中只有B项正确。数词专练一、将下列数字写成英语： 1. 625 2 8,961 3. 10,000 4. 20,405 5. 1/3 6. 5/6 7. 65 8. 1.25 二、选择填空。 （ ）1March is _month of a year A a three B the third C a third （ ）2We will have a meeting at 8:05_ Afive to eight Beight five Ceight o five （ ）3Eight plus eight is_. Asixteen Bsixty-four Cone （ ）4He is an _boy Aeight years Beight-year-old Ceight-years-old （ ）5We will have a_ walk Aten minutes Bten minutes Cten-minutes（ ）6The wall is_. Afour meters long Bfour meter long Cfour-meter long （ ）7Whats the date today? Its_ AMarch the eight BMarch eighth Ceight，March （ ）8It happened in the 1040s A in the forties of the eleventh century B in the forties of the tenth century C in the forty （ ）9About_