江苏省连云港市东海县横沟中学中考英语专题复习.doc

专题一 冠词第一节考点精要冠词，是用来表示名词特性的一种词，它表示名词可数不可数、单数复数、任何一个还是特定的一个等意义。也就是说，冠词与名词是紧密连在一起的。如果用了a /an /the，不管后面是什么词，都变成了名词。所以，冠词就是放在名词前面的一种词。冠词可以分为定冠词（ ），不定冠词（ ），和零冠词（即 ，如：theyre students. students前就可以说用的零冠词。water is important. water前用的也是零冠词。）冠词的用法上可以分为：特指，独指和类指。模块一：冠词的特指、独指和类指考点1：定冠词的特指用法定冠词的特指用法：非常明确地指出何人或何物。可以分为前照应特指，后照应特指和语境特指。1. 后照应特指：用定冠词表示上文中提到的人或物。冠词用在后面的名词前，和前面提到的同一名词相照应。（也就是第一次提到某物某人用不定冠词，再次提到时用定冠词；冠词在后面照应）如：i bought a book yesterday. the book cost me 20 yuan. （the book与前面的a book相照应。）2. 前照应特指：定冠词的指定作用决定于名词的后置修饰语。也就是说定冠词在前面，由后置修饰语来确定是何人何物。如：this is the book you lent me yesterday. （the book与后面划线部分的后置修饰语相照应。）3. 语境特指：不是建立在上下文的照应关系上，而是建立在谈话双方共有的知识上。如：open the door. where is the book？ would you please come to the blackboard?考点2：定冠词的独指用法定冠词的独指用法： 世界上独一无二的事物前，要用定冠词。如：the sun，the moon，the earth， the world，the universe，etc. the sun is bigger than the moon.考点3：冠词的类指用法1. 可数名词表示类指时，可用两种形式。如：a horse is a useful animal. = horses are useful animals.2. 不可数名词泛指时不用冠词，特指时用定冠词。如：music is an art. （泛指）音乐是艺术。 the water in the bottle goes bad. （特指）这个瓶里的水坏了。3. 名词有修饰语时，不用定冠词表示泛指。如：i like books with hard covers. 我喜欢精装书。i like the books with hard covers. 我喜欢那些精装书。模块二：不定冠词a、an 的基本用法考点1：a， an 的选择关键是看该单词音标中第一个音素是元音还是辅音如：there is _“u” in the word “use”. 这里用a。因为字母u的读音为/ju:/，第一个音素为辅音。在26个字母前用a的有14个：b c d g j k p q t u v w y z；用an的有12个：a e i o f l m n s x h r 特别识记：an honest boy, an hour, an honor, an ugly man, a university student, a european car.mr. taylor has an 8-year- old daughter who is a girl for painting.a little boy wrote a “u” and an “n” on the wall.now he is an artist. i have known him since he was a one-year-old boy.考点2：用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”等如：thats a green tea. 那是一种绿茶。 they were caught in a heavy rain. 他们淋了一场大雨。its a great pleasure to have a talk with you. 考点3：a / an 也可用在不可数名词前面，这时意义上发生变化如：glass 玻璃; a glass 一只玻璃杯；wood 木头; a wood 一片树林。 模块三：定冠词the 的基本用法考点1：特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法beijing is the capital of china. 北京是中国的首都。 考点2：指谈话双方都知道的人或事物open the window please. 请把窗户打开。(双方都知道指的是哪一扇窗户) 考点3：指上文已经提到的人或事物there was a chair by the window. on the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. 考点4：指世界上独一无二的事物which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太阳、地球和月亮哪一个最大？ 考点5：与序数词和最高级连用 1. 形容词的最高级前一般也要the，如：tom is the tallest of the boys in our class. 但是，hangzhou is a most beautiful city.杭州是一个非常美丽的城市。这里不是最高级的含义，因为没有表示范围的状语，所以不用the。 试比较：hangzhou is the most beautiful city in zhejiang province. 杭州是浙江省最美丽的城市。 2. 基数词放在名词后面表示名称时，前面不用冠词，且要大写；用序数词表示名称时，前面要用冠词。 如：一年级：grade one， the first grade考点6：表示乐器类名词前用定冠词 球类、棋类等运动类名词前不用冠词， 而乐器类名称前要用定冠词。可以这么记忆：搞体育的人总是衣冠不齐（没有冠词），而搞音乐的人衣冠整齐（有冠词）。tina, could you please play the piano for me while im singing？ he used to play soccer with his father.考点7：与形容词或分词连用，指一类人the poor，the rich，the old，the young，the ill，the chinese，the japanese ，etc.the old is taken good care of by the young in this city. the young nurse is kind to the ill in the hospital. 考点8：与姓氏复数名词连用，表示某某一家人或某某夫妇the whites are chatting. 怀特一家人正在聊天.考点9：由两个以上的普通名词组成的专有名称，一般要用定冠词如：the changjiang river， the pacific ocean， the peoples republic of china， the no. 10 bus 但：街道、广场、公园、车站机场、桥梁、大学等一般不用定冠词。（可以概括为“城市设施”类。） 如：nanjing road，tiananmen square，beihai park，paddington station，qinghua university.模块四：不用冠词的情况考点1：表示国家、城市名等地理和地理名称的名词前，不加冠词 如：usa 美国；africa 非洲；england； shanghai 上海；guilin 桂林； 考点2：泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词 如：they are teachers. 他们是教师。 考点3：抽象名词表示一般概念时，不加冠词。表示特定的意思时，要加定冠词 如：man cannot live without water. the water in the river has been polluted by the factory near here. i like eating bread for breakfast. the bread of that shop is very nice.考点4：在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词如：i dont go to work on sunday. i dont usually have breakfast, but i always eat a good supper. winter comes after autumn. she got to the city in the autumn of 2001.考点5：在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词如：we elected him monitor of our class.考点6：在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：would you please buy some food for supper？ they like to play chess when they are free. 考点8：当by 与火车等交通工具连用表示方式时，中间无冠词如：by bus，by train，by taxi，by bike，by water，by air (乘飞机)，by sea (乘船) 而加了别的修饰词后，其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。 如：i went to new york by car. 但是，i went to new york in his car. if you go by train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get a fast one.考点9：有些个体名词不用冠词，表示该名词的抽象含义school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church等个体名词，直接置于介词后。 如：go to hospital 去医院看病，但是，go to the hospital 到医院去 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) he was in hospital for two days, so his friends went to the hospital to see him. 考点10：街道名称、城市的重要、主要建筑物名称前不用如：i live at 105 lake street. they are now at peoples cinema. 他们此刻在人民电影院。 考点11：一些短语中1. 名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹； hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处 2. 介词词组：at home在家；in surprise惊奇地；at noon在中午；on foot步行；at night在晚上；on duty值日；at work在工作；on time准时；for example例如；in class在上课；on show展览；in bed在床上 3. go短语：go home回家；go to bed上床睡觉；go to school去上学；go to work去上班；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼模块五：其它考点1：有定冠词与无定冠词的区别a most important meeting一个很重要的会议； the most important meeting最重要的会议；a third time 又一次； the third time第三次；a number of一些，许多； the number of .的数目；in hospital 住院 ； in the hospital在医院里；go to school /church 上学/做礼拜； go to the school /church到学校/教堂去；in front of 在(外部的)前面； in the front of在(内部的)前面；two of us 我们当中的两人； the two of us我们两人(共计两人)考点2：两个名词表示同一事物时只在前一个用冠词a writer and singer is present at the meeting. （作家兼歌手）考点3：可数名词单数不能单独使用可数名词要么前面加上冠词，要么前面加上指示代词或物主代词，要么用为复数。不能这么说：this is pen. （pen是可数名词单数，不能单独使用。） 可以这么说：this is a pen. this is the pen. this is his/her/my/their pen. these are pens.专题三 代词第一模块知识讲解常考点清单一 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词1 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词（1）人称代词单数复数一二三一二三主格宾格（2）人称代词的用法 i 人称代词的主格在句中充当主 she is a good student. ii 人称代词宾格在句中充当动词、介词的宾语或表语 i dont know her. his mother is waiting for him outside. -who is there? -its me. iii 人称代词语序 几个代词并列充当主语时，它们的顺序是：单数(2，3, 1）you,he/she and i复数（1, 2, 3）we,you and they2 物主代词物主代词分为形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词单数复数一二三一二三他的她的它的形容词性名词性注意：i 形容词性物主代词+n.，一般不单独使用 his parents are both office workers. my name is jessie. ii 名词性物主代词= 形容词性物主代词+名词 my idea is quite different from hers.( her idea) iii 冠词a,an the 和this,that,some 后不能用物主代词。 she is a my friend.（错误） she is my friend.（正确）iv 名词性物主代词可与of连用作定语，相当于“of+名词所有格”，表示带有部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。 he is a friend of mine.(=of my friends) 3 反身代词 （1）反身代词的单复数形单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称反身代词用法 i hope you can enjoy yourselves at the party.(作宾语） the children made model planes themselves.(作同位语,表示亲自或自己） that poor boy was myself.(作表语） (3) 反身代词的常用词组 teach oneself _ learn by oneself_ by oneself_ enjoy oneself_ help oneself_ come to oneself_ hurt oneself_常考点清单二 指示代词、疑问代词、it1 指示代词单数复数2 指示代词用法 （1）this/these 近指 this is my pen. these are my books. 指下文要提到的事 please remember this:no pains,no gains.(2) that/those 远指 thats her bike. 指前面刚刚提到过的事 he was ill.that was why he didnt go to school.(3) 打电话用this介绍自己,that 表示对方 this is jessie speaking. is that jack speaking?2 疑问代词 疑问代词主要用法例句who谁，问人（主格）who wants to go with me?whom谁，问人（宾格）to whom are you talking?whose谁的，所属关系whose book is this?what什么whats your father?he is a doctor.which哪一个，哪一些，which one do you like best?3 代词it（1）指代前面提过的事物 the book on the desk is not mine.it is jessie. (2) 代替指示代词this或that。 -whats that? -it is a pen. (3) 指代婴儿或不明身份的人 someone is knocking at the door.please go and see who it is. (4) 指代时间或季节 it is ten oclock. (5) 指代天气 -whats the weather like today? -it is sunny. (6) 指代距离 how far is it from your school to your home? (7) 常用于以下句型：it is + adj.+(for sb) to do sth. it is important for us to work hard.its time to do /for/that. its time to get up/for lunch/that we went home. it seems that. it seems that you are rightits ones turn to do. its your turn to sing.its + adj. +that . its natural that they should have different views. (8) 作形式宾语 do you think it necessary to learn to wait in time? (9) 引导强调句型：it is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他 it is he who goes to school by bike every day.常考点清单三 普通不定代词及复合不定代词1 初中阶段普通不定代词some,anyfew,littlenonemany,mucheither,neitheroneeach,everyboth,allother2普通不定代词用法 （1）some/any 相同点：some/any均表示“一些”，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词 不同点：some一般用于肯定句，any用疑问句，否定句和条件句。 但在疑问句中当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议用some there arent any students in the classroom. look! some boys are playing football. would you like some tea? 注意：something,anything等词的用法基本和some，any用法一致。(2) many/much how many bottles of water do you need? i dont have much money.（3) both/all/either/any/neither/none都任何都不两者botheitherneither三者（以上）allanynone注意：both.and.两者都 both his father and his mother are teacher. neither.nor.两者都不 neither his father nor his mother is teacher. either.or.或.或.,要么.要么. either he or his brother goes to london.either/neither of + 名词（代词）的复数 + 谓语动词（第三人称单数）neither of the books is good.either.or./neither.nor.连接两个主语时，采取就近原则。 neither you nor he is wrong. (4) each/every( 每个） every student in class 5 passed the exam. each of us wears a yellow shirt. we each wear a yellow shirt. (5) little/a little/few/a few代替复数名词代替不可少名词肯定a fewa little否定fewlittle -would you please buy some salt for me? -there is little left.i recognized a few of other people.3 复合不定代词初中阶段复合不定代词somebodyanybodynobodyeverybodysomeoneanyoneno oneeveryonesomethinganythingnothingeverything注意：形容词或else放复合不定代词后面he has something important to tell you. can you find anyone else?专题六 连词中考考点1并列连词and, but, so, or等的主要用法。2常用的从属连词的基本用法。考点一并列连词 1表示并列关系的： and(和；同；与)，bothand (和都), not onlybut also (不仅而且), as well as(而且，还，又), neithernor(既不也不)。如：他喜欢画画，我喜欢跳舞。he likes drawing and i like dancing. 他的父母都喜欢看电视。_ his father_ his mother _ watching tv.你和我都没有错_you _ i _ wrong. 在那儿不仅年轻人而且老年人都会说一点英语。not only the young but also the old can speak some english there. 汤姆和我一样每天步行去上学。tom as well as i walks to school every day.注意 用as well as 连接的并列主语句子中，谓语动词应与它前面的主语一致； not onlybut also和neithernor则遵循就近原则。2表示选择关系的： or(或；或者；还是；否则；不然)，eitheror(或者或者； 不是就是)。如：晚饭后，我经常看电视或散步。after supper, i often watch tv _ take a walk. 努力学习，否则你会落后。work hard，_ you will fall behind. 今天下午或者你或者他去购物。either you or he is going to do some shopping this afternoon. 3表示转折关系的： but(但；但是；可是), while(然而)。如：she was very tired，_ she kept working till midnight. 她虽然很累了，但是一直工作到深夜。hes a worker _his wife is a doctor.他是工人而他妻子是医生。4表示因果关系的： so(所以)。如：he got up late，_ he didnt catch the early bus.他起床晚了，所以没赶上早班车。考点二从属连词 1引导状语从句的连词(1)引导时间状语从句的连词：when, while, as, before, after, until, till, as soon as, since等。时间状语从句和主句的时态关系为：主将从现，主过从过。when “当时”。如：i was doing my homework _ the telephone rang.我在做作业的时候电话铃响了。while “正当时，正在时”。在while引导的从句中，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，且常常用进行时。as “正当时”， as引导的从句中既可用延续性动词，也可用短暂性动词。如：he fell asleep _ he was watching tv. 他看着电视睡着了。 as millie sat down on the sofa, amy came into the room.米莉坐在沙发上时，艾米走进了房间。before “在之前”； after “在之后”。如：ill wait for you here before you come back.在你回来前，我会在这儿等你。until “直到为止”。如：the child _ go to bed _ his mother came back. 直到他妈妈回来了，这孩子才去睡觉。as soon as “一就”如：ill call you _ i get there. 我一到那儿就给你打电话。since “自从”。如：i have lived in beijing _ i came to china.自从来到中国以来我就住在北京。(2)引导条件状语从句的连词： if, unless等。如：_ it is fine tomorrow, well go to the park.如果明天天气好，我们就去公园。well be late _ we hurry up.除非快点，否则我们会迟到。(3)引导目的状语从句的连词： so that(是为了，以便于), in order that(以便于)等。如：he got up early _ he could catch the early bus.为了能赶上早班车，他起得很早。i spoke loudly in order that everyone in the room could hear me. 我大声说话是为了让屋里的每个人都能听得见。(4)引导原因状语从句的连词： because, as, since等。如：she didnt go to work _ she was ill.她没去上班，因为她病了。注意 because与so不能同时出现在一个句子中。(5)引导结果状语从句的连词： sothat，suchthat等。sothat和 suchthat意思均为“如此以至于” so后接形容词或副词，such后接名词或名词性短语，that后接从句。如：i was _ i couldnt go any further.我累得走不动了。tom is _ everyone likes him.汤姆是如此聪明的一个男孩，大家都喜欢他。(6)引导让步状语从句的连词： though, although, even if(even though)等。如：the dress looks nice on you _ its out of style.虽然这件连衣裙过时了，它穿在你身上还是很漂亮。注意 though, although不与but连用。(7)引导比较状语从句的连词： than, asas等。如：he is better at english than i. 他的英语比我好i think english is as important as math.我认为英语和数学同等重要。2引导宾语从句的连词： that(陈述句作宾语，从句由that引导，that无意义，可省去)，if/whether(一般疑问句作宾语从句用if或whether引导，意为“是否”)和特殊疑问词(用来引导特殊疑问句所作的宾语从句)。如：i want to know _ you will start. 我想知道你何时出发。im worried about _ she can come here on time.我担心她能否按时来。专题十二 简单句考点一简单句1概念以及句型特点(1)概念：简单句就是句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。(2)句型特点：主语谓语。注：它只包含一个主谓结构，而且句子的各个结构都只用单词短语表示。句子种类陈述句肯定句i like apples.否定句i dont like bananas.疑问句一般疑问句do you usually go to school by bike？选择疑问句would you like tea or coffee?反义疑问句he finished his homework, didnt he?特殊疑问句how often do you play basketball?祈使句let引导的祈使句let me help you.祈使句的否定dont eat in class.加强语气的祈使句do be quiet for a moment.感叹句what引导的感叹句what a brave boy he is!how引导的感叹句how beautiful the flowers are!感叹句的省略what a brave boy!陈述句转换为感叹句she is a good student.what a good student she is!what与how引导的感叹句的转换what an interesting book it is! how interesting the book is!考点二 并列句1概念以及句型特点(1)概念：并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成的。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间不是从属关系，而是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连接。(2)句型特点：简单句并列连词简单句。2以常用连接词为线索剖析并列句常用的连接词有以and, or, but, so为代表的四大类。(1)以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词。此类并列连词包括and(和；同), not only. but(also) .(不但而且), and then(那么)等。帮助我，也帮助别人。he helps me and he also helps others. (2)以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词。此类并列连词包括or(或者；否则), either. or. (或者或者), otherwise(否则)等。hurry up, or well be late. 快点，否则我们要迟到了。要么你到我家，要么我到你家。either you come to my home or i get to yours. (3)以but为代表的表示转折意义的并列连词。此类并列连词包括but (但是；可是), while(而), yet(然而)等。他虽然年轻，但学习努力。he is young, but he works hard. (4)以so为代表的表示因果关系的并列连词。此类并列连词包括so(因此；所以), for(因为)。迈克没有来上学，因为他病了。mike didnt come to school, for he was ill. 因为他学习努力，所以是班上最优秀的学生。 he works hard, so he is a top student of class. 专题十三 复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是句子的主体，从句是句子的一个成分，不能独立使用。从句都是陈述语序。 can you tell me who he is? 你能告诉我他是谁吗？从句通常由关联词引导。从句可分为三类：名词性从句：有宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句形容词性从句：也叫定语从句副词性从句：也叫状语从句我用英语问她是干什么的，她告诉我她是一名英语老师。i asked her in english what she was, and she told me that she was an english teacher.此句是一个复合句，what she was 和that she was.是两个宾语从句；and she told me.是并列句。一、宾语从句1在主从复合句中作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。2宾语从句的考点：时态主句是现在时，从句根据实际情况使用相应时态。主句是过去时，从句使用过去时的某种形式。从句表示客观事实、真理、自然现象等时，不管主句使用什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。语序从句一律用陈述语序连接词that在从句中作宾语时可以省略；作主语时不能省略。i know(that) kate is good at swimming. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词就用原来的疑问词。 please tell me where you are going? 含疑问语气的句子构成宾语从句时用whether或if连接。tom asked me if/whether i liked watching tv.二、状语从句状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，修饰主句中的谓语、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。状语从句可分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等。从句类型从句引导词例句条件状语从句if(如果), unless(除非), as long as(只要)youll be kept out（没法参加） of the party unless you have an invitation. 目的状语从句so that(以便，为了), in order that(为了)the new company handed out lots of ads in_order_that people can get to know it.让步状语从句though/although(尽管，虽然), even if(即使), whatever(无论什么), wherever(无论哪里), whenever(无论何时)the whole library was in silence, although there were nearly 500 people reading in it.原因状语从句because(因为), since(既然), as(由于)since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.结果状语从句so that(结果是), so/such.that(如此以至于)we got up early in the morning, so_that we caught the early bus.比较状语从句than(比), as.as.(和一样)，not as/so.as.(不如)im as_old_as bob.地点状语从句where(的地方), wherever(在任何地方)sit where i can see you.三、定语从句在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常位于所修饰的名词或代词之后，常由关系代词或关系副词引出，被修饰的词称为先行词。常见的关系代词有：who，whom，which，that，whose，关系副词有when，why，where。1先行词为指人的名词或代词时，定语从句用who或