英语专业八级人文知识改错31-40.doc

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for grant. They began believe that their way of doing (9) business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980 brought one inquiry after (10) another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their some-times sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growingcompetition from overseas. (12) The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactiveAmerica to Europe and reaches the emerged countries with unsur- (1) passed mightfulness. Many in these countries are looking at this (2) process and worrying: Wont the wave of business concentrationturn into an controllable anti-competitive force? (3) Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and morepowerful. Multinational corporations accounted less than 20% of in- (4) ternational trade in1982. Today the figure is more than 25% andgrowing rapidly. International affiliations are a fast-growing seg- (5) ment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreigninvestment. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over therole of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and overthe final stability of the world economy. (6) I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A. wave are the same as that underlie the globalization process: (7) fallen transportation and communication costs, lower trade and in- (8) vestment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged opera-tions capable of meeting customers demands. All these are benefi-cial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the worlds wealth increases. Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration waveare scanty. And it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil (9) firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that was (10) feared nearly a century ago in the U.S. The merger of telecomcompanies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher pricesfor consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. (13) There exists a social and cultural disconnection between jour-nalists and their readers, which help explain why the standard (1) templates of the newsroom seem alien for many readers. In a re- (2) cent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolisal areas. (3) Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalistsare more likely to live in upclass neighborhoods, have maids,own (4) Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to the (5) church, do volunteer work,or put down roots in a communitity. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and culture-al elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of thiselites. The astonishing distruct of the news media isnt rooted inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily (6) crash of world views between reporters and their readers. (7) This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly adeclining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employ-ees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsorslots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wonder why (8) customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it neverseems to get around to notice the cultural and class biases that so (9) many former buyers are complaining about. If it does, it would open (10) up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender,and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, educa-tion, and class. (14) Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message hasnot gotten through to the average American, that would rather try (1) switching to light beer and low-calorie bread than increase physic-cal exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, foundthat fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults were trying to shed (2) pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet. In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged toomuch by calorie-expending charts; for example, one would have to (3) briskly walk three miles just to work the 275 calories in one deli- (4) cious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a pointhere. Exercise in itself is a very tough way to lose weight, says (5) York Onnen, the program director of the Presidents Council on (6) Physical Fitness and Sports. Therefore, exercises supporting role in weight reduction is (7) vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweightpolice officers and other public employees confirmed that those whodiet without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while (8) those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained theirnew weight. If you decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercisecould burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a years time, assumed no in- (9) crease in food take in, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the (10) distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjust-ments, you may lose even more weight. (15) Many of the home electric goods which are advertised as libera-ting the modern women tend to have the opposite effects, so they simple (1) change the nature of work instead of eliminating it. Machines have acertain novelty value, as toys for adults. It is certainly less tired to (2) put clothes in a washing machine, but the time saved does not really (3) amount too much: the machine has to be watched, the clothes have (4) to be carefully sorted out, stains removed by hand, water changed,clothes taken out, aired and ironed. It would be more liberal to packit all off to a laundry and not necessarily more expensive, since no (5) capital investment is required. Nevertheless, if you really want to save time you do not make (6) cakes with an electric mixer, you buy one in a shop. If one comparesthe image of the woman in the womens magazine to the goods ad- (7) vertised by those periodicals, one realizes how useful a projectedimage can be commercially. A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-savingdevice, follow it up with a complex recipe on the next page? On (8) any account hintat the notion that a woman could get herself a job, (9) but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasize the (10) creative aspect of her function as a housewife. (16) It seems that every country, race, and religion observe sometype of holiday or festival. The two most celebrating holidays in the (1) North and South America, Australia and Europe, and in the most of (2) Christian world are Christmas and Easter. Christians celebrate the birth of Christ on Christmas. The ex- (3) change of gifts rises from the birthday tradition. The winter holiday (4) season is time for bright colored lights to appear in and (5) out the home, on Christmas trees, and on buildings and storefronts. (6) At Easter, Christians celebrate the death, burial, and resurrect-tion of Christ. This is also a time for celebration with family. A non-religious celebration in North America is Thanksgiving.Similarly, National Day and Labor Day Holidays are among thenon-religious holidays in China. A common tradition is the observ-ance of the New Year as celebrated around the world on January1st. Therefore, various religious groups celebrate the New Year (7) on the spring or fall. One common thread that (8) goes through all these holidays is the celebration of the occasion (9) with family, food, new clothing, lights, and festivity. They are setapart as special times to be celebrated happily with family and friends. Religious or not religious, each festival or holiday has itsown legend or origin behind. (10) (17) The Big Ben is very famous throughout the world, but nobodyreally knows the reason why it is called Big Ben. However, thereare two stories may explain the reason. Some people say that it was (1) named Benjamin Caunt, a boxer, who was called Big Ben. (2) More people believe the name comes from a Welshman, Sir (3) Benjamin Hall. He commissioned the work in 1859. a story arosethat, during a debate in House of Commons on what to call the bell, (4) Sir Benjamin was about to give his ideas that someone who sat be- (5) hind the front bench shouted, Lets call it Big Ben! The history of the bell tower, since the beginning of its design,is by no means smooth, however. Due to disagreements aboutthe clocks design, it takes fifteen years to build. In 1857,the (6) structure was completed and tested on the ground, but a four-footcrack appeared, and the bell had to cast again. Finally, the clock (7) started ticking on May 31,1859,and stroke its first chime on July (8) 11. Then, in September, the bell cracked again. It was silent forfour years but was eventually turned a quarter of a revolution. As aresult, the crack was not under the striking hammer. Craftsmenmade a square above the crack to stop it to cracking further and it (9) can still be seen today. The Big Ben is famous not only for its thirteen-ton weight, butalso for its accuracy, that is a result of its precise mechanism. (10) Even one extra pennys weight on the balance would cause a gain of two fifths of a second in twenty hours. Although there havebeen several problems, the bell still chimes today. (18) Before 1973, abortion was illegal in America unless thewomans health was threatened. In March of 1970,Jane Roe, a singlewoman, instituted this federal action against the District Attorneyof the county. The original idea was that women who truly didnot want a baby should not have to have it. (1) Since pregnancy may be a blessed act when planned or wanted, (2) forced pregnancy, like any forced bodily invasion, is anathema toAmerican values and traditions. As legalized abortion has become aneveryday part of American life, a different side to it has emerged out. (3) Where women once were aborting because they did not want a child, the reasons being given now were becoming very different. (4) Abortion has turned into something that women are being coercedfrom boyfriends/husbands unwilling to be fathers, out of fear (5) of the financial pressure, out of panic from losing their jobs, out ofpanic from having to quit the school, or becoming homeless, or out (6) of fear of their parents kicking them out into the street. Abortion for these reasons can lead to problems which developwhen a woman is unable to get round her emotional responses resulting (7) from the trauma of an abortion. There are women who abort and do so completely of her own free will. These women have no regrets, (8) no remorse, but are happy they had this choice available. But (9) a growing number of women are speaking up about how abirtioneffected them adversely. (10) (19) The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in thepast. Waves companying earthquake activity have been reported over (1) the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake in 1881 which has its (2) epicenter near the centre of the Bay of Bengal, Tsunamis were reported.The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused some Tsunamiswere generated by shocks which occur at or near the flanks of continental (3) slopes. During the earthquake of 1819 and 1845 near the (4) Ramn of Kutch, here were rapid movements of water into sea. (5) There is no mention of waves resulting in these earthquakes (6) along the coast adjacent the Arabian sea, and it is unlikely that Tsu- (7) namis were generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945Mekran earthquake generated Tsunamis of 12 to 1 metres height.This caused a huge deluge, with considerate loss of life and property (8) at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated height of Tsunami at Gulf ofCombay was 15m and no report of damage is available. The esti- (9) mated height of waves was about 2 metres at Munbai, which boats (10) were taken away from their moorings and casualties occurred. (20) Several years ago, we began construction on a new churchbuilding. In the beginning, the workmen dug a big pit in the ground andthen they began to pour footings. Footings are cement piers under (1) which the entire building rests. They are crucial to the strength ofthe finished structure. After the foundation hole is dug, the footingsmust be poured quickly, before the composition of soil is changed by the wind, air, or water. With a similar way in these (2) brief early years, parents of young children have the challenging jobof lying the foundation that will support family friendships in late (3) years. Physical affectation and verbal affirmation are necessary in lay- (4) ing a strong foundation for friendship. Hug, hug, hug. Even if you are not raised in a hugging family, hug your kids anyway. They need (5) the warmth of physical contact and so do you need. A young child (6) will try to manipulate and be in the charge. He will attempt to get (7) his own way. Since the child may not be consciously trying to con- (8) trol, this is what he is doing. A wise parent must not permit to hap- (9) pen. When a child respects his parents, he will also respect the others. (10) (21) The tendency nowadays to wander in wildernesses is delightfulto see. Thousands of tired, nerve-shaking, over-civilized people are (1) beginning to find out that going to mountains is going home; thatwildness is a necessity; and mountain parks and reservations are (2) useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, and as (3) fountains of life. Awakening from the stupefying effects of the vicious of over-industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, they are (4) trying as best they can to mix and enrich their own little ongoingswith that of nature, and to get rid of rust and disease. Briskly ven- (5) turning and roaming, some are washing off sins and cares of the devilsspinning in storms on mountains; sauntering in pinewoods or inmeadows, brushing through chaparral, bending down and partingsweet, flowery sprays; tracing rivers back their sources, getting in (6) touch with the nerves of Mother Earth; jumping from rock to rock,panting in whole-souled exercise, and rejoicing in deep, long-drawnbreathes of pure wildness. This is fine and natural and full of prom- (7) ise. So also was the growing interest in the care and preservation of (8) forests and wild places in general, and in the half wild parks andgardens of towns. Even the scenery exists in its most artificialforms, mixed with spectacles, silliness, and kodaks; its devoteesarrayed gorgeously than scarlet tanagers, frightening the wild game (9) with red umbrellas,even this is encouraging, and may well be regarded as a hopeful sign of times. (10) (22) Fossils, remains or traces of prehistoric and animals,were buried a