被动语态理论讲解+练习.doc

被动语态 编纂人：张洪亮被动语态一、 谓语动词的被动语态1、 被动语态的分类语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者一般由介词by引起的短语表示。2、 被动语态的用法（1）不知道动作的执行者是谁，或没有指出动作的执行者。如： Teachers are needed in every part of the world. 世界各地都需要教师。（2）需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。如：Every possible means has been tried, but none proves successful. 各种可能的方法都试过了，但没有成功的。3、 被动语态的时态 时 态形 式时 态形 式一般现在时am/is/are + done现在进行时am/is/are being done一般过去时was/were + done过去进行时was/were being done一般将来时will be done现在完成时have/has been done过去将来时would be done过去完成时had been done4、 主动变被动的几种句型（1）主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，变为被动语态时，不要遗漏短语动词中的介词或副词。如： She always takes good care of her pupils. Her pupils are always taken good care of.（2）主动语态中的谓语动词接双宾语时，若把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留在原处；若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或for。 My father bought me a pen as my birthday present. I was bought a pen as my birthday present ( by my father ). A pen was bought for me as my birthday present ( by my father ).（3）主动语态中的谓语接复合宾语，变为被动语态时，宾语补足语就成了被动语态中的主语补足语了。 1）一感（feel），二听（listen to, hear），三让（let, have, make），四看（see, look at, watch, notice, observe）等动词后，要求充当宾语补足语的不定式符号to省略，但变为被动语态时，要加上to。如： I made him sweep the floor. He was made to sweep the floor. 2) 宾语补足语为分词、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，变为被动语态时，原形式不变，但已变为主语补足语了。如： I heard him singing in the next room when I came in. He was heard singing in the next room when I came in. We make the room clean every day. The room is made clean every day.（4）含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时，形式为：情态动词 + be done。 We must finish the work before sunset. The work must be finished before sunset.（5）be going to/ be to/ used to/ have to/ had better等 + 动词原形，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词。在变为被动语态时，只需要将后面的动词原形变为被动语态。 I am going to finish the work. The work is going to be finished.（6）主从复合句变为被动语态时，主从句都要变。 If you teach me the new method, I can do the work better. If I am taught the new method, the work can be done better. 不可变成被动的情况：（1）宾语时反身代词时，不能变为被动语态。 The little boy hid himself behind the door. 这个小男孩藏在门后。 （不能说Himself was hidden behind the door.） He is teaching himself English. 他自学英语。 （不能说Himself is being taught English.）（2）each other，one another表示相互关系的代词作宾语时，不能变成被动语态。 You and I know each other very well. 你我相互都很了解。 （不能说Each other is known very well.）（3）同源宾语不可变成被动语态。 We are living a happy life. 我们过着幸福的生活。 （不能说A happy life is lived by us.） She dreamed a sweet dream last night. 昨晚她做了个甜蜜的梦。 （不能说A sweet dream was dreamed by her last night.）（4）宾语时人身上的某一部分或感官时，不可变为被动语态。 He put up his hand. 他举起了手。 （不能说His hand was put up.）5、 特殊情况（1）短语动词的被动语态 原则上，英语中只有及物动词才有被动语态，但是，有些短语动词常用作及物动词，因此它们也有被动语态。但应注意短语动词时一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如： They have brought down the price. The price has been brought down. 价格已被削减。They will put up a notice on the wall. A notice will be put up on the wall. 布告将被张贴在墙上。 特例：动词+名词+介词 有些由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动词，其结构比较松散，变成被动语态可有两种形式： 把短语动词看作一个整体，当作一个及物动词处理； 把该结构中的“动词+名词”结构当成“动词+宾语”来处理，将这个动宾结构变为被动语态。第种方法常用于正式文体中。如： We should make good use of every minute to study hard. 我们应该利用好每一分钟努力学习。Every minute should be made good use of to study hard. 或Good use should be made of every minute to study hard. 这类短语有：make use of, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, set fire to, catch sight of, keep an eye on, make a fool of, put an end to, pay attention to等等。（2）主动表被动1）表示主语的内在品质或特征的不及物动词，后面常和well, easily, smoothly等连用，其主动形式表示被动。如：read, write, sell, wash, open, clean, iron, burn, draw, cook, keep, cut, blow, peel, act等。如： This pen writes smoothly. 这笔写起来很流畅。 The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。 The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。 Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来不错。2）有些动词在汉语中是及物动词，但在英语中是不及物动词，这种情况一定要注意。如：come true, happen, take place, come about, occur, break out, appear, arrive, fall, last, remain, succeed, exist, spread, belong to, add up to等等。 My dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。 （不能说：I have come true my dream.） A car accident happened last night. 昨晚发生了一场车祸。 （不能说：Last night happened a car accident.）3）后加v.-ing，主动表被动 动词need, require, want, deserve, be worth后加v.-ing的主动结构表示被动含义。如： My watch needs/wants/requires repairing. 我的表需要修了。(= My watch needs/wants/requires to be repaired.) The boy deserves punishing. 这个男孩应受惩罚。 The film is really worth seeing. 这部电影的确值得看。4）感官动词look, smell, taste, sound, feel相当于系动词，后加形容词，主动结构表示被动含义。如： The food tastes delicious! 这食物尝起来很好吃。 The music sounds familiar to me. 这音乐我听起来很耳熟。 How sweet these flowers smell! 这些花闻起来多香啊！5）进行时表被动：某些动词以物作主语时，其进行时也可以表示被动意义。如： The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。 The book is printing. 书正在印刷中。 The house is building. 房屋正在修建中。 Preparations are making. 筹备工作正在进行。 The cakes are baking. 蛋糕正在烘烤。6）特殊动词prove, turn out。虽翻译成“后来是，结果是，被证明是”，但无被动态，主动结构表示被动含义。如： He turned out (to be) a good guy. 后来他被证明是个好人。 What he said proved (to be) reasonable. 他的话后来被证明是合理的。 The party last night turned out (to be) a success. 昨天的晚会很成功。（3）汉语中的无主语句：汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is said/hoped/supposed/believed/reported/thought/well known that（据说、希望、据推测、有人相信、据报道、人们相信、众所周知） It is said that the book has been translated into seven languages. （该句型可转换成）据说这本说已被译成七种文字。The book is said to have been translated into seven languages.（4）get + V过去分词，也可以表示被动语态，一般用来指偶然发生的事或没有计划、没有料到的事情。如： How did the vase get broken? 那个花瓶是怎么打破的？ He got bitten by the dog yesterday. 他昨天被狗咬了。 有时，这种情况中V过去分词的被动含义并不明显，而是更趋向于形容词词性。此时，该结构表示进入某种状态，相当于get后加形容词。如： It is two years ago that he got interested in English. 他是两年前对英语感兴趣的。 He got used to the climate here soon. 他不久就习惯了这里的气候。 He got crazy at the news. 听到这个消息，他高兴得发疯。6、 不定式主动形式表被动含义（1）作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时，就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如： I have a lot you homework to do. 我有很多工作要做。 （主语I是不定式to do的逻辑主语） Ill give him something to read. 我要给他些读的东西。 （宾语him是不定式to read的逻辑主语） 如果作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语不是句中主语或宾语时，就不用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如： Im going shopping. Do you have anything to be bought? （主语I和宾语anything都不是不定式to be bought的逻辑主语，所以不定式不用主动表被动）（2）在形容词后作状语的不定式说明句中主语在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况时，且与句中主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义，其句型常为“主语+be+adj+to do”。如： His telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码好记。 That man is difficult to deal with. 这个人很难对付。 English is easy to learn. 英语很好学。 但如果这类句子中形容词的意思不完全时，其不定式如有被动意义，仍必须用被动形式。如： All invaders are sure to be punished. 所有侵略者都必定受到惩罚。（3）在there be句型中修饰主语的不定式，用主动形式或被动形式都可以，只是在口语中多用主动形式。如： There are many questions to discuss (to be discussed). 有许多问题要讨论。 但在nothing, anything和something之后，使用两种语态表示的意思有所不同。如： There is nothing to do. 没有事可做。 There is nothing to be done. 没有办法。（指无可救药，无法挽回的意思）（4）在“This/That is + 名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如： This is a hard question to answer. 这是一个很难回答的问题。 That is a nice place to visit. 那是一个值得参观的好地方。（5）不定式to let, to seek, to blame等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。如： Nobody was to blame for the accident. 这个事故，谁也不能责怪。 The car is to let. 汽车出租。（6）以人作主语时，worthy后的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如： He is worthy to take his position. 他配担任他的职务。（不定式动作是句子主语发出的） He is not worthy to be chosen. 他不配当选。（不定式的动作不是句子主语发出的）二、 非谓语动词的被动语态1、 形式不定式动名词现在分词过去分词一般式to be donebeing donebeing done无进行式to be being done无无无完成式to have been donehaving been donehaving been done无2、 用法：见非谓语动词部分讲解英语被动语态过关50 题1. A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being doneC. has been done D. will be done2. The doctor _ for yet. A. isnt sent B. hasnt been sent C. wont be sent D. wasnt sent3. -When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A. did; useB. was; usedC. is; usedD. are; used4. Whom _ this book _? A. did written B. was written byC. did writtenD. waswritten5. Mary _ show me her new dictionary. A. has asked toB. was asked to C. is askedD. asks to6. _ a new library _ in our school last year? A. Isbuilt B. Was builtC. Does buildD. Didbuild7. An accident _ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happenedC. is happened D. happened8. Cotton _ in the southeast of China. A. is grownB. are grownC. growsD. grow9. So far, the moon _ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited10. A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week. A. is givenB. has been givenC. will be given D. gives11. A story _ by Granny yesterday. A. was told usB. was told to usC. is told usD. told us12. The monkey was seen _ off the tree. A. jumpB. jumpsC. jumpedD. to jump13. Older people _ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after14. Our teacher _ carefully.A. should be listened to B. should be listened C. be listenedD. is listened15. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served16. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had been C. has D. had17. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year?A. would be completed B. will be completed C. had been completedD. is being completed18. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic of China _ in 1949.A. have taken place; was founded B. has taken place; was foundedC. have been taken place; foundedD. took place; founded19.-Why does Mary look so unhappy? -She has _ by her classmates.A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at20. Doctors _ in every part of the world.A. need B. are needingC. are neededD. will need21. I promise that matter will _.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 22. No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.A. been given B. givenC. to give D. be given23. I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A. gave B. was givenC. was givingD. had given24. Can such a thing _ happening again?A. prevent from B. prevented fromC. be prevented from D. to prevent from25. A new house _ at the corner of the road.A. is buildingB. is being built C. been builtD. be building26. This bike _ last year.A. bought B. has been bought C. was boughtD. had been bought27. Did you see the house that _ by fire last year?A. was destroyingB. destroyedC. would destroyD. was destroyed28. It _ whether she will get her work in the hospital.A. hasnt been decided B. isnt deciding C. doesnt decideD. hasnt decided29. The pen _ me. It is hers.A. isnt belong to B. wasnt belong to C. doesnt belong to D. didnt belong to 30. I cant use my bike because it _.A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. will repairD. was repairing31. The chairman told the speaker that she _ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _.A. was expected; heard B. had expected; hear C. had hoped; hearD. was hoped; heard32. -The window is dirty.-I know. It _ for weeks. A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned33. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing. A. would be completedB. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed 34. -How long _ at this job?-Since 1990. A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed35. -What happened to the priceless works of art?-_. A. They were destroyed in the earthquake B. The earthquake was destroying themC. They destroyed in the earthquake D. The earthquake destroyed them36. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.A. killedB. is killed C. was killedD. was killing 37. Rainforests_ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cutB. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut38. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 39. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lostC. are lostD. will lose40. A new cinema _ here. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built41. I have no idea what _ while I was asleep. A. has happened B. was happened C. had happened D