第八单元 工业发展 industry.doc

第八单元 工业发展 industry重难点：1.词语搭配（英译汉）：汉语搭配能力不强，为使译文流畅，常根据上下文选择与不同名词搭配的动词。 2.句子结构分析（汉译英）：Industrial DesignThe industrial design is the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products by large-scale industry for mass distribution. 工业设计是指大型企业在创造用于大规模销售的机器制造产品的过程中所涉及的艺术和科学。It is concerned with aesthetic appearance, especially in consumer goods, as well as with functional efficiency.它既涉及审美外观，特别是生活消费品的外观，也涉及功能效率。The term industrial design was originated in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel(1887-1975). 工业设计这个术语起源于1919年，由美国工业设计家约瑟夫 思那首先提出。工业设计一词由美国工业设计家约瑟夫 西奈儿（1887-1975）于1919年首先提出。Initially, industrial designers dealt exclusively with machine-made consumer products.最初，工业设计者只负责设计机器制造出来的商品。最初，工业设计者只负责设计机器制造的生活消费品，Eventually, however, the scope of the profession enlarged to include the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment, and the planning of exhibitions, commercial buildings and packaging.但是，后来，工业设计的范围扩大到其他领域，包括生产资料，比如农业机械，工业工具和交通运输工具，会展设计和商业建筑一揽子设计。但是到了后来，工业设计的对象扩展到其他领域，包括生产资料，如农场机械，工业用具和交通设备的设计，以及展会，商业建筑和商品包装的规划。 Under prevailing standards of design, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair; durability; and expression of function in terms of form.在流行的设计标准中，一个产品应该具有优美的线条，颜色，比例，纹理；高效安全；使用方便舒适；便于保养修理；结实耐用；并且功能重于形式。根据流行的设计标准，一件产品应该具有优美的线条，色彩，比例和质地，效率高，操作安全，使用方便或舒适，维修简便，耐用性好，其形式能够体现其功能。The relative importance of any of these standards may vary depending on the objects.根据产品不同，更注重的方面也有所不同。这些标准孰轻孰重取决于产品本身。Thus, line and proportion may be more important in a sofa than in a tractor, where durability and easy maintenance may be paramount.因此，设计沙发可能更注重线条和比例，而设计拖拉机则更注重耐用性和保养简便。因此，设计沙发时可能更追求线条和比例，而设计拖拉机时，或许耐用性和保养方便才是最重要的。A consideration basic to all good design is the factor of realistic cost.就一个好的设计而言，一个基本的考虑就是实际成本。Thus, effective industrial design requires, besides artistic ability, combined knowledge of engineering principles and materials, production techniques and cost and marketing conditions.因此，好的工业设计要求工业设计者拥有艺术能力，了解工程原理和材料，生产技术，成本以及市场环境。因此，要进行有效的工业设计，设计师除了要有艺术才能，还要具备工程原理和材料，生产技术，成本，以及营销条件方面的知识。The designer must be concerned not only with product design but with the conditions under which products are sold.设计者不仅要关注产品设计也要关注产品销售环境。工业设计师不仅要考虑产品的设计，还必须考虑产品的销售环境。In planning retail stores and display areas, for example, the industrial designer works with the architect to increase the revenue-producing interior space and to create arrangements and atmosphere conducive to sales. Industrial designers also work to facilitate the profitable operation of railroad stations, airports, hotels, shopping centers, exhibitions, restaurants, public auditoriums, television stations, and offices.例如，在设计零售店和会展时，设计师和建筑师一起合作，增加内部销售空间，安排物品摆放，营造有利于销售的环境。工业设计师还帮助设计赢利性组织，如火车站，机场，旅馆，购物中心，会展，饭店，公共礼堂，电视台，和办公室。例如，在规划零售商店和展区时，工业设计师和建筑师携手合作，拓展能产生收益的室内空间，创造有利于销售的布局和氛围。此外，工业设计师还致力于推动火车站，机场，宾馆，购物中心，展会，餐厅，公共礼堂，电视台，办公室实现盈利运作。Every design problem requires special procedures, timing, and techniques, but there is a general routine applicable to all.每个设计中遇到的问题都需要不同的程序，时机，和技术来解决，但解决每一个设计问题都需要特殊的步骤，时间安排和技术，不过有一套放之四海而皆准的常规。After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client-including data on the intended market for the product, budget allocation, and company policy and equipment -specialists associated with the designer conduct a study of competitive products and an extensive field survey of the manufacturers plant.首先，工业设计师必须了解客户的需求，其中包括产品的目标市场，预算分配，公司政策和设备等相关数据。接着，和设计师合作的专家们要对竞争产品进行研究，并且对生厂商的工厂展开广泛的实地调查。A design programme is planned, and preliminary designs of the proposed product are then sketched on the basis of the available plant facilities.然后开始设计项目，根据可获得的工厂设备做出最初的产品设计然后，设计师根据现有的工厂设备制定设计方案，并绘制出产品的初步设计草稿。Rough sketches are chosen for further refinement and study, and the client is then presented with design studies, often in the form of a small model or of a mock-up. 选出草稿进一步加工研究，然后向客户展示设计成果，通常是以小型的实物模型。接下来要对草图进行筛选，作进一步的改进和研究，然后向客户提交设计初稿，初稿通常采用微缩模型或实体模型的形式。Following the selection of the approved design, working drawings indicating the choice of materials and the specifications of finishing and assembly are prepared. 在客户选出满意的设计后，就绘制施工图，图纸上要标注产品所使用的材料以及加工和装配的技术说明。A handmade working model is then manufactured and submitted to the client for approval.接着是用手工制作出工作模型供客户确认，In case of an automobile, for example, one or several are handmade and tested at proving grounds before final machine dies are ordered and production begins.例如，在汽车设计中，要用手工制作一台或数台汽车工作模型，并在试车场上进行测试，之后才会定制最终的机器冲模，投入生产。The industrial designer is essentially the creator of a pattern to guide the operations of skilled persons or machines.就本质而言，工业设计师的工作是设计出一种模式，用来指导技术人员的工作或机器设备的运转。The development of industrial design leads to the creation of new procedure in order that the modifications in the design may be molded directly from the old products.工业设计的发展催生了各种新的工序，以便能够直接对老产品进行设计改良。Another industrial-design method is based on the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of full-scale product. Distortion often occurs in magnification as a result of highlights and shadows that change basic spatial relationships.事实上，微缩模型无法准确反映实比产品的设计特点，因为一经放大，高光部分和阴影部分就会改变基本空间关系，从而导致变形。基于这种情况，另一种工业设计方法应运而生。To view the design in full scale, the profession employs a photographic system in which a small drawing is projected to full scale on a section of a wall. Revisions of the design are then made directly on the wall projection by the industrial designers.设计师采用某种摄像系统讲小图投射到墙面上，形成实尺影像，以便查看实比设计图样，并且直接在投影上对设计进行修改。A common concern of the profession is how to accept new technology, with its benefits and hazards, to human needs. 设计师的另一担忧是如何应对新技术的种种利弊，以满足人们的需求。工业设计行业共同关注的一个问题是如何应对新技术的种种利弊，将之服务于人类的需求。In a fast-growing world economy， industrial design is also challenged to find ways of influencing purchasing based on considerations other than necess