词根词缀表格.doc

RootsMeaningExamplesag- act-to set in motion (to do); to driveagent, agenda, agile, active, actor, actual, enact( to make into a law), interact, inactiveagr-fieldagriculture, agriculturalacu-, acr-sharp acute, acrid, acuity acrimonyam- to love amity, amiable, amateur, amicableanim- life, mind; soul; spiritanimal, animate, animosity (hatred) unanimous,(being of one mind)annu- -enni-year annals (a history of what year by year); annual (yearly) biennial ( lasting for two years). centennial ( happening at the end or once in 100 yearsaud- audit- hearaudible, audience, audio, audition, auditor, audiology, auditorium, audio-visualbene-good; wellbeneficial, benevolent, benefactor, benefit, benedictionbrev- short brief, brevity, abbreviatecad-(-cad-)cas-(-cas)-cid-to fall; befall; happen; by chancecadence (rhythm in poetry); cascade ( waterfall), accident incident, occident ( the West; Europe and America)cap-cept- ceive-cip-to take; seizeto take; seizecapable, captive, capture, except, accept, conception, deceive, receive, conceive, incipient (beginning)-ceed-ced-cess-cedeto go;yieldproceed, succeed, exceed, process, antecedent (going before), concede, precede, recesscenthundredcentenary, century, centipede(an insect), centigrade, percent-cern-cretto separate;to see as beingdifferent; distinguishconcern, discern, secret, secretary, discrete, discreetclam- (-clam)claim-(-claim)to cry out; shoutclamor ( loud voice), acclamation, proclamatory, exclaim, claimant, proclaim, declaim-clude-clus-closto shut;close conclude, inclusion (that which is included), disclose ( not to shut), enclose, precludecord-(-cord)heartcordial, accord, record, discordcur-(-cur)curs-(-curs)to run; go current, concur, recur, cursory ( quick and careless), excursion, occurdict-(-dict)to say, to speakdictate, diction, predict, indicate, contradict, verdict, dictionary-duc-ductto leadconduct, produce, reduce, induce, introduce, deduction.Equ-(-equ)equal; evenequation, equivalent, equator, inequitable, adequatefac-(-fac)fic-(-fic)fact-fectto do; to make; to actfactor, facile, facility , manufacture, fiction, efficient, infect, factory, factual, perfect, unification-ferto carry; bringconfer, differ, transfer, prefer, suffer, refer-firmfirm; strongaffirm, confirm, infirmflect- (-flect)flex-(-flex)to bend flexible, deflect, reflect, reflex, flexibility-flictstrikeconflict, afflict, inflictflu-(-flu)-fluxto flowfluent, confluent, influxfract-(-fract)frag-frang-fringto breakfraction, fragile, frangible, infringe fragment, fracture, infraction, refraction ,refractfus-(-fus)found-fundto melt; to pourfusion, confusion, refuse, foundry, refund, diffuse, infusegen-(-gento produce; give birth to; inborngenerate, generative, oxygen, genius-gergest-(-gest)-gistto carry;to carry on to produce; to actbelligerent, gesture, digest, exaggerate, register, gestate, gestation, congestgrat-(-grat)a step or to step; go graduate, progress gradual, aggression, congressgrat-(-grat)pleasinggrateful, gratitude, gratify congratulate, ingrate ( ungrateful)grav- (-grav)heavygrave, gravity, aggravatehes-(-hes)-herto strikehesitate, adhere, cohere, cohesion, incoherent(without logical connection).-jac-jectto throw;lie; bethrown downadjacent( throw down, lying next to or near something else; situated near); project, object, reject, subject, injectjoin- -join)junct-(-junct)to joinjoin, joint, adjoin, conjunction ;junction, injunction, subjunctivelect-(-lect)leg-ligto choose;to readlecture, elect, collect, legible, select, legend, intelligentlocut-(-locut)-loquto speaklocution, colloquial, eloquent, elocution, interlocutionmiss-(-miss)mess-mitto send; to let gomission, missile, admission, commission, to dismiss, message, messenger, omit, permit, transmitmov-, mot-(-mov)(-mot)to movemovement, remove, motion, motor, motive, promote, commotion, remotenot-(-not) to knownotice, notion, notify, denote, connotenat-(-nat)to be bornnation, native, prenatal, innatepart-(-part) port-partparticipate, apart, counterpart, portionpend-(-pend) -pensto hang;to weigh;to paydepend, pendent, append, suspend, pendulum, compensate, appendix-pel-pulto push;to drivecompel, impel, repel, propel, repulsion-plex-plic-plicit-plyto fold;to twist;to bend;to connect;to tanglecomplex, duplicate, explicit, complicate, imply, multiply, reply, implicate, complicity, complexion, implyposit-(-posit)-pose-pon-poundto put; to placeposition, deposit, expose, compose, impose, component, postpone, oppose, composite, compound, expoundport-(-port)to carryporter, portable, deport, transport, import, export, portfolio, reportquest-(-quest)-quirto seek; to askquestion, conquest, request, exquisite, requirerect-reg-to rulecorrect, regime, regiment, region, regularsci-(sci)to knowscience, conscience, prescience, scientific, omniscience(complete or infinite knowledge)scrib(-scrib)script-(-script)to writescribe, describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe, transcribe, scripture, inscription, prescriptionsed-(-sed)-sidsess-(-sess)to sit;to settlesediment ( the result of something settling), session, preside, residence obsession ( the state of being ruled by a fixed idea)spec-(-spec)spect-(-spect)-spicto look; look atspectacle, specimen, expect, prospect, retrospect, insect, conspicuous, speculate, suspicion, suspecttact-(-tact)tang-(-tang-tingto touchtact, contact, intact, tactful, tactless, tangent, tangible, intangible, contingentten-(-ten)-tent-tain-tinto holdtenant, lieutenant, contain, obtain, continent, content, maintaintract-(-tract)to drag;to draw; to pulltractor, attract, contract, detract, extract, protract, retract, subtract, tract( to draw)vac-van-emptyvacation, vacuum, vacant, vanish, vanityvent(-vent)-vento move toward;to comeinvent, prevent, adventure, convene, event, avenue, venture, venturesome-vert-vers-to turnversed, version, advert, versatile, convert, diverse, reverse, transversevid-(-vid)vis(-visto seevideo, evident, provide, visible, visual, previse, revise, vision, visit, invisible, televisionvoc-(-voc)-vokvoice or to callvocal, vocation, advocate, vocabulary, evoke, provoke, invoke-volv-volutto rollevolution revolve, revolution, revolt, involve, revolverRootsMeaningExamplesAnthropo-(-anthropo)mananthropoid, anthropology,mis-anthropist, philanthropistarch-(-arch)chief; rule; beginningpatriarch(y), monarch(y),archaic, archaeology, archaism, anarchy, hierarchmatriarch, architectbio-(-bio)lifebiology, biography, biochemistry, amphibiouschron-(-chron)timechronicle, chronic, chronological, chronometer, anachronism(error in computing time)-crat-cracyruleautocrat, bureaucrat, autocracy, aristocratcycl-(-cycl)cyclecycle, cyclist, cyclone, bicycle, encyclopaediadem-peopledemocrat, demagogue, endemic (a disease among a class of people),epidemic ( a disease affecting many people)dox-(-dox)opiniondoxology ( a short hymn of praise to god ),dogma, dogmatist, heterodox, paradox, orthodoxgeo-(used in science)earthgeography, geography, geology, geometry, geophysics, geodesy, geognosy, geogram, geodynamics- gammarriagebigamy, monogamy, polygamygen-(-gen)racegenesis, genealogy, hetero-geneous, homogeneousgram-(-gram)graph-(-graph)to write somethingwrittengrammar, gramphone, diagram, epigram, programme, telegram, graphic, graphite autograph, lithograph, photographhydr-waterhydraulic, hydro-electric, hydrogen, hydropathy, hydroplanelog-(-log)discourselogic, logarithm, dialogue, prologue, epilogue, catalogue-onymnameantonym, synonym, pseudonym, anonymouspath-(-path)feeling;sufferingpathetic, pathology, sympathy, antipathy, apathyphon-(-phon)soundphonetics, phonograph, telephone, symphony, microphonephys-(-physnaturephysics, physical, physiology, metaphysicsscop-(-scop_to watchscope, microscope, periscope, telescope, spectroscope-sophywisdomphilosophy, theosophy-tomto cutatom, epitome, anatomy, microtometheo-(-theo)godtheology polytheism, theocracy, theologian, theologize, theologianzo(o)-(-zoo)animalzoochemistry, zooblast,zoogamy zoology, zoologist.techno-art;craft;technicaltechnography, technocrat, technological, technocracy, technology, technologize, technologistPrefixationNegative PrefixesOriginPrefixesMeaningAdded toExampleGermanicun-the opposite of notadjectives past and present participlesunwise, unhappy, unexpectedRomanicnon-notadjectives; nouns; verbsnonessential, non-smoker, nonresistant, non-stop (adj),Romanicdis- (same as for un)adjectives; verbsdisloyal, dislikeLatinin- in-il (before l) il-im (before), m, b, p) im-ir- (before) ir- (same as for un-) adjectivesinfamous, illegal, impossible, irregular,Reversative or privative prefixesOriginPrefixMeaningAdded toExamplesGermanicun-(a) to reverse the action;(b) deprive of release from(a) verbs;(b) nounsunpack,unwrap,unchain,unclothe,unleash,unhorseRomanic de- to reverse the action, to get rid of verbs;henceabstract-nounsdecentralize, deforest, deforestation,defrostRomanicdis (as for un-)verbs;hence participles;nounsdisconnect,discolooured,dishearten,disunion,discontentPejorative prefixesOriginPrefixMeaningAdded toExamplesGermanicmis-wrongly astrayverbs; henceabstract nouns;participlesmishear, mislead, mis-conductmisleadingLatinmal-badly; badverbs; henceabstract nouns;participles;adjectivesmalfunction, malformed,malodorousGreekpseudo-false;imitationnouns;adjectivespseudoscience,pseudo-democraticPrefixes of degree or sizeOriginPrefixesMeaningAdded toExamplesGreekarch-supreme;highest;worstnounsarch-enemy,arch-bishoparch-liar,arch-fascist,Latinsuper-above; more than; betternouns;adjectivessuperman,supermarket,super-natural,super-digestibleGermanicout-(to do something) better;faster; longer, etc. than.mainly vi. (to form vt.)outgrow, outlive,outrun, out-weigh, out-wit, out-doLatinsur-over and abovenounssurchange,surtaxLatinsub-under, lower than, less thanadjectivessubhuman, subnormal,subconsciousGermanicover-too muchoververbs; past-participles etc;adjectivesoverdo,oversimplify,overdressed, overconfident, oversensitiveGermanicunder-too little underverbs; past participles; etc.undercook, underwork,underhanded,underprivilegedGreekhyper-extra speciallyadjectiveshypercritical,hyperactive,hypersensitiveLatinultra-beyond, extremelyadjectivesultra-fashionable,ultra-conservativeLatinmini-littlenounsmini-cabmini-bus,mini-skirtPrefixes of AttitudeOriginPrefixes MeaningAdded toExamplesLatinco-accompanying;with; jointverbs;human and abstractnounscooperate,coexist,co-author,co-educationLatincounter-against; in opposition toverbs, hence abstract noun; etc.counteract, counter- revolutionGreekanti-againstnouns( mainly to form adjectives: the anti- war campaign); adjectives and adverbs.antislavery, anti-national, anti-social,anti-clockwiseLatinpro-for, on the side ofnouns ( mainly to form adjectives; denominal adjectivespro- American, pro-commonMarketLocative prefixesOriginPrefixesMeaningAdded toExamplesLatinsuper- over, abovenounssuper structureLatinsub-under; beneath;lesser in ranknouns; adjectives;verbssub- way,subconscious,subdivide,sub-contractLatininter-between; amongadjectives;verbs; nounsinter-national,intermarry,inter-playLatintrans-across, from one place to anotheradjectives; verbstrans-Siberian, transplantPrefixes of time and orderOriginPrefixesMeaningAdded toExamplesGermanfore-beforemainly verbs; hence abstractnouns; etc.foretell, foresee,foreknowledgeLatinpre-beforenouns ( mainly to form adjectives); adjectivespre-war, pre-liberation,pre-school (children)pre-consciousLatinpost-afternouns(mainly to form adjectives);adjectivespost-warpost-election,post-classicalLatinex-formerhuman nounsex-president, ex-manager,ex-soldier,ex-premierLatinre-again; backverbs; henceabstractnouns; etc.reconsider, rebuild,resell, reappearanceNumber prefixesOriginPrefixesMeaningExamplesLatin-Greek-(uni-(mono-oneunicycle,mono-planeLatin-Greek-(bi-(di-twobilingual, bimonthly,bicycle, dimeterLatintrithreetriangle, tri-cycleLatinquadr-fourquadrangleGreekpentafivepentagonGreekhexa-sixhexagon hexameterLatinsept-sevenseptangleSeptemberGreekocta-eightoctagonOctoberLatinGreek(nona-(enne-ninenonagonenneadLatin-Greek_(deci-(deca-tendecimaldecagrammeLatin-Greek-(centi-a hundredcenti-meter,hecto-meterLatin-Greek-(centi-(kilo-a thousandmillennialkilowattkilometreLatinGreek-(multi-(poly-manymulti-racial, multi-national,poly-syllabic,polysemyGreek-Latin-Latin-(hemi-(demi-(semi-halfhemispheredemi-circlesemi-colonial, semi-feudal,semi-weeklyConversion prefixesoriginprefixesadded to - to formexamplesGermanicbe-(a) nouns -participal adjectives;(b) verbs; adjectives; v.t. bespec tacled,becalm, bedazzle,bewitch Latin -Latin -en-(em-before p,b, or mnouns-verbs;adjectives-verbs;enslave, encage,enrich, enable,empower, employembargoGermanica-verbs-predicative;adjectivesasleep, awake,awash, afloatAuto- , neo-, pan-, proto, vice-OriginPrefixesMeaningExamplesGreekauto-selfautomation,autobiographyGreekneo-new,revivedneorealismneofacismneoclassicismGreekpan-all;world-widepan-AfricanPan-AmericanGreekproto-first,originalProto-Germanic,prototypeLatinvice-deputyvice-president,vice-ChairmanNoun suffixes(A) Occupational; etc.OriginSuffixesAdded to-to formMeaningExamplesGermanicRomanic-ster-eer nouns-personal nounsperson engaged inan occupation oractivitygamester,gangster,songster, engineer, profiteerGermanicRomanic-er(-or)verbs:nouns -personal and inanimate nounsdenoting the agent especially a person, machine, residentdriver, speaker, Londoner, three-wheeler, director(B) diminutive and feminineOriginSuffixesAdded to-to formMeaningExamplesRomanic-letcountable nouns-countable nounssmall;unimportantbooklet, leaflet, starletRomanic-ettenouns-nouns(a) small, compact;(b) imitation;(c) femaleKitohenette, cigarette, leatherette,flammelette,usherette,suffragetteRomanic-essanimate nouns-animatenounsfemaleactress,lioness,authoress,poetess,hostess,paintessGermanic-ingnouns;adjectives;etc.small, usually with contemptuous flavourProfessorling( )weaklingunderlingOrigin(obscure)ProbablyGermanic -y, -ie, -ynoun-nounsendearment orfamiliaritydaddy,auntie,Johnny, Tommy(C) Status, domain, etc.OriginSuffixAdded to-MeaningExamplesGermanic-hoodnouns-abstract nounsstatus; etc.boyhood, childhood,manhoodGermnic-ship(-as for -hood)status;condition; etc.friendship, membership,lectureship,dictatorshipGermanic-dom(as for -hood)domain; realm;condition; etc.kingdom,officialdom,stardomRomanic(Greek)-ocracy(as for -hoodsystem of governmentdemocracy,autocracy,meito-cracyRomanic-ery(-ry often after d, t, L, except in sense (b)chiefly nouns-(a) abstract noun;(b)concretenouns;(c) mass nouns(a) behaviour; etc.(b) place of activity or abode;(c) collectivity(a) devitry, drudgery,slavery,pagenantry,(b) nursery,refinery,(c) machinery, rocketry(D) OtherOriginSuffixesAdded to-to formMeaningExamplesGermanic-ing(a) countable nouns- mass nouns;(b) verbs- abstract and concrete nouns (a) the substance ofwhich noun is composed;(b) activity; state(a) tubing,mattingtiling,(b) bathingpainting,building,beddingGermanic-fulcountable nouns-countablenouns(a) the amount which noun containscupful,handful,mouthful,spoonfulRomanic-tion-ation,-sion,-ion(a) verbs-chieflyabstractnouns(b) collective nouns(a) state; action; etc.(b) institution; etc.(a) action, oppression,possession,education,starvation,(b) organization, foundationFrench(Romanic)-mentverbs-chiefly abstract nounsstate; action; etc.movement,enslavement,pavem