高2014级英语非谓语专题九大考点复习.doc

合江中学高2014级高考英语语法专题非 谓 语 动 词 合江中学 英语教研组 赵春建要点精析：非谓语动词有四种，不定式，现在分词，过去分词，动名词） 不定式：具有名词,形容词,和副词的特征，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语和补语等成分。 现在分词和过去分词：都具有形容词和副词的特征，在句中可作定语，表语，状语和补语等成分。 动名词：具有名词的特征，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语等成分。考点一：动名词和不定式作主语和宾语的区别：动名词和不定式都可以作主语和宾语，但动名词多表示抽象的，习惯性的动作，而不定式多表示具体的，将来的或一次性的动作。1. 作主语的区别：Learning texts by heart is helpful to languages studies.To learn the texts by heart is not easy.Teaching English is my job, but my main task is to help you with your English.Note: 有时不定式和动名词的使用式特殊句型的需要。 It is necessary (possible, hard important .) for sb to do sth It is kind (polite, cruel, foolish, stupid, careless) of sb to do sth There is no use / good / point (in) doing sth 没有用处/好处 It is no / not any use (good ) ones doing sth 没有用处/好处/意义 It is necessary for us to help each other. It is cruel of you to treat him like that. = Youre cruel to treat him like that. It is no good your saying that to her.2. 要求只能用不定式作宾语的动词有：ask, demand (要求), plan, intend, mean (计划), manage, do / try ones best, make an attempt, (努力), learn (学习), wish, hope, desire, expect, long（渴望）, want, would like, should like, would prefer (希望，愿意)，agree, promise (同意), decide, determine, choose, make a decision, make up ones mind (决定), offer (主动提出), apply(申请), help (帮助), fail (不能、没有), prepare (准备), pretend (假装), refuse (拒绝), happen (碰巧), afford (负担得起)等。巧计顺口溜： 要求你计划努力学习，希望你同意这个决定， 可以主动提出申请帮组，不能准备假装、拒绝或碰运气，这可负担不起。He failed to get the job with the company.He pretended to be busy working when the boss went in.We all expect to go to college in Beijing.3. 要求只能用动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语有： admit， acknowledge，advise，appreciate，avoid， delay， deny，dislike，consider, enjoy， excuse，escape，fancy， finish，complete, forbid, forgive， face， endure， involve，imagine, give up， imagine， mention， mind， miss， pardon，practise， require， risk， resist， suggest， recall，think of， give up， aim at， put off， insist on， persist in， be good at， do well in， cant help， keep on， leave off， feel like， be tired （afraid， capable， fond） of， set about巧计顺口溜： 避免错过（少）延期； 建议完成（多）练习； 喜欢想象忍不住；承认否定(与嫉妒；冒险逃跑（莫）原谅；保持忍受（不）在意。 I suggest doing the experiment another way. The film is worth seeing a second time. The thief escaped being caught by the police. It is important to practice reading aloud.4. 既能接不定式，又能接动名词但意思不同的动词有： （即“四”记力争，不后悔）四记指：记得记住 remember; 忘记 forget; 计划，计算 mean; 继续 go on; 力争try; “不后悔” 指stop 和regret, 除此之外，还有cant help, want，need， require等。） Do you remember to bring your textbook with you next time. (记得将要做某事) I dont remember meeting him before. (记得做过某事) Well not forget having such a good time that day. (忘记做过某事) Im sorry, I forget to post the letter for you The manager came and regretted to tell John to park up. (因要做某事而感到遗憾) Never regretted raising objections at the meeting. (因做了某事而感到遗憾) I cant help to water the flowers because I was too busy. (不能帮忙做某事) We couldnt help laughing at the funny news. （情不自禁地去做某事） We all want to plant trees in the countryside. ( 需要做某事) The clothes want washing. (某事需要被做)考点二：非谓语动词作表语的区别;1. 动名词和不定式作表示，前者表示抽象地，习惯性地动作，后者则表示具体的将要发生的动作。可交换主语和表语的位置。 My job is teaching your English. = Teaching your English is my job. 比较：I am teaching you English. (be doing 表示进行时态) What I want to do this afternoon is to play basketball. 比较：He is to help you. (be to do 表示将来时态)2. 现在分词作表语说明主语所具有的性质，特征，有主动意味，不能和主语交换位置，但可用very 修饰。The problem is puzzling.The situation is very encouraging. 比较 The situation is encouraging us to work hard. （be encouraging 表示进行时态）3. 过去分词作表语，有被动意味，说明主语的状态，人的感觉，感情等，可用much 修饰。 The window is broken. We were disappointed at the news.考点三：非谓语动词作定语的区别； 1. 动名词作定语，说明所修饰词的功能或用途, 仅限于单个的动名词作前置定语,不能转化为定语从句。The swimming pool the pool used for swimming The sleeping car the car for sleeping 2. 现在分词作定语，与所修饰词含有主动，正在进行的关系，单个现在分词前置，短语后置，可转化为定语从句。(注意：现在分词的完成式通常只作状语，而不能作定语。) The frightened boy started to cry after he saw a frightening snake. The man standing there is a teacher of English. = The man who is standing there is a teacher of English.3. 过去分词作定语，与所修饰词之间有被动，已完成的含义，单个过去分词前置，短语后置。可转化为定语从句。 He answered all the questions raised by his students. = He answered all the questions that had been raised by his students. Note: 不及物动词的现在分词只表示进行，而过去分词只表示该动作已经完成。 the falling leaves (正在落下的叶子) the boiling water (正在沸腾的水) the fallen leaves (落在地上的叶子) the boiled water (沸腾过的水)4. 不定式作定语, 只能置于所修饰词之后，常与所修饰词之间含有动宾，主谓，或动状关系，可转化为定语从句，表示该动作发生在谓语动作之后。若被修饰测词是不定式动作发生的时间，地点，工具或对象时，要加上适当的介词。 He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave. We have no swimming pool to swim in. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person to send it to. There are five pairs to choose from, but Im at a loss which to choose. I have no money with which to buy toys for my children. You have a number of topics from which to choose. = You have a number of topics from which you can choose. Its time for us to start. There is much work to be done to do. Give us a bench to sit on. “Do you have anything to be washed today?” asked the nurse. 最后, 注意下句中非谓语动词作定语的区别： The meeting being held now is of great importance. The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. The meeting held last night is of great importance.考点四：现在分词，过去分词和不定式作宾补语的区别；看非谓语动词与宾语之间的关系，如果是主动，正在进行用现在分词; 是主动，强调动作的全过程用不定式; 是被动，已完成的动作用过去分词。 I hear him singing in the next room. I hear him sing the song in English. I heard the song sung in English. He had me repair the broken desk. He had the broken desk repaired. He had me waiting all the time.注意：常用带to 的不定式作宾补的动词有：require, ask, tell, order, want, get, invite, force, cause, allow, expect, advise, persuade, encourage, wish warn, would like等。 常用省to 的不定式作宾补的动词有：即“五看二听一感觉，三个使役紧跟着，一个帮助两均可” watch, see, look at, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel, have make, let, help. Ill get someone to repair the radio for you. Would you like us to go with you? They made us work day and night They were made to work day and night. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a couple of days. 在think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove 等，动词后也可以有复合宾语，其后的不定式多为to be, 有时可省;但不定式是完成时态是不能省。We all consider him （to be） honest. Youll find the books （to be） easy.Never imagine yourself （to be） anybody.He is considered to have done that.考点五：现在分词，过去分词和不定式做状语的区别； 1. 不定式作状语 表目的：若置于句首时，用逗号隔开，位于句末时不用逗号，还常用so as to, in order to结构； 表结果：一般指出乎意料的结果，常与only, thus 等副词连用，还可以用 too to, enough to , never to , so as to等固定搭配中； 表原因：其主要用于表示喜，怒，哀，乐 (如happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed) 等形容词之后。注意不定式通常不用于表示时间，条件，让步，方式和伴随等状语。His stepmother did all she could to help him.To make a living, he had to work hard.The box is too heavy for anybody to carry.He was so angry as not to say a word.He hurried to the station only to find the train had left. （不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后）The thief stole into the house, only to be caught by the owner.Im too glad to see you again.We were disappointed to have lost the game.2. 现在分词和过去分词作状语，表时间，原因，方式，结果，条件，伴随等状语。分词作状语与句子共享一个主语，做题时应看主语和分词之间的关系，若主语时分词动作的执行者（即主谓关系），用现在分词；反之，是承受者时（即被动关系），用过去分词。Whenever asked to answer questions, he says “Sorry”. Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.Being League members, we are ready to help others.Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder.He came running back to tell me the news.Seated in the car, the president waved to the crowd.Both his parents died, leaving him an orphan.The child fell striking his head against the door. （伴随谓语动作的发生而产生的自然结果，谓语动词和现在分词之间式因果关系）The boy sat in front of the farm-house cutting the branch.I offered them something to eat, thinking they might be hungry.考点六：非谓语动词的时态和语态；1. 时态和语态的构成：类别形式 主动语态被动语态不定式一般式to do to be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing 很少见现在分词一般式doing (定，表，状， 补)being done (定，补)完成式having done (状)having been done (状)动名词一般式doing (主，宾，表，定)being done (主，宾)完成式having done having been done Note: 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语，常作状语，表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。 动名词的完成式较少使用，若不强调发生在谓语动作之前，则可用一般式代替完成式，常作宾语。2. 时态的概念: (1) 一般式：均表示非谓语动词的动作或状态，与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。不定时还可表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作。Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.He stood there not knowing what to do. (2) 完成式：均表示非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前。Having heard the bad news, she was still as usual.Not having received his reply, I decided to write again.He is said to have gone abroad.I remember having been (= being taken)taken to Beijing.(3) 不定时的进行式：强调进行，与谓语动作同时发生。Look! He seems to be waiting for his girl friend.He happened to be working.考点七：非谓语动词的否定形式；现在分词和动名词的否定式：not doing / not having done/ not being done / not having been done 过去分词的否定式：not done 不定式的否定式：not to do / not to be doing / not have done / not to be done / not to have been done如果非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，not / never要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。Victor apologized for his not being able to inform me of the change in the plan.Not knowing his phone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with him.Not invited, we wont go.Not having been invited, we didnt go.The teacher told us not to be late.He promised never to go there again.His not going to school made his teacher angry.I regret not taking your advice. = I regret not having taken your advice.考点八：独立主格结构 分词的独立主格结构是分词作状语的特殊形式。分词作状语时和句子共享一个主语，但如果分词在句中作状语时，拥有自己的逻辑主语（由名词或代词的主格充当）且和句子的主语不一致时， 即：名词 / 代词主格 + 分词，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。 可置于句首或句末，作时间，原因，条件，方式等状语。The guests having left, he began to rest.More time given, we could have done it better.All things considered, his paper is of greater value than yours.Tod looked at the Million-Pound note, his eyes being wide open.It being Sunday, we didnt go to school.There being no bus we had to walk home.注意：独立主格结构还可以由“名词 / 代词的主格 + 不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。They said good-bye to each othe