英语作文语言错误.doc

四级作文常见病句一、“there be”结构常见病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies. 2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：1. There are many people who like to go to the movies. 2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。例如：1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.) 2. There is not a moment to be lost. 3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year. 4. There are many things that we can do to prevent traffic accidents. 5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。 二、比较结构常见病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B.,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法：1. 同级比较1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2. 比较级1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.3. 最高级1） This is the most interesting book Ive ever read.2） Of all his novels I like this one best.4. “the morethe more”结构1） The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.2） The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.5. 选择比较1） I prefer staying at home to going out.2） They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.3） He prefers to work alone.注意：这里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表达出来。6. 对比1） She is very beautiful while her two sisters are extremely ugly.2） He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的而字。三、表达原因的结构常见病句：1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达：1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. 以上两个病句分别引自四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。 写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as, because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country. 2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress. 3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate. 4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem. 我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：1. The reason for this change is quite obvious. 2. Diligence is the key factor of success. 3. Idleness is the root of all evils. 除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。四、词性误用常见病句：1. Free admission to museums in order to let more people learn knowledge.2. Now more and more bikes instead of cars to reduce pollution.3. For example, you work in a big factory.4. More and more museums free admission to the public.5. The working staff of the company talked with us friendly.正确表达：1. Free admission to museums aims to let more people learn knowledge.2. Now more and more bikes take the place of cars to reduce pollution.3. Suppose you work in a big factory.3. More and more museums become admission-free to the public. 4. The working staff of the company talked with us in a friendly way. 词性误用也是四级作文中常见的错误，考生常常把介词词组当做动词使用，如例1-3，把名词当做动词用，如例3，还有把形容词当做副词用，如例4。错误的主要根源在于不少考生对词汇的学习不够深入，简单地记忆中文意思，然后在写作时就直接生搬硬套，忽略了句子的语法结构。这要求考生在学习词汇的过程中，不仅要掌握词汇的拼写和含义，还要多留心用法和主要的搭配。五、“花费”动词的使用常见病句：1. We had to spend a lot of time to prepare for the examination. 2. He costs much money for the new mobile phone. 3. Waiting for the meals in the crowded canteen takes us a lot of time.正确表达：1. We had to spend a lot of time preparing for the examination. 2. The new mobile phone cost him a lot of money. 3. It takes us a lot of time to wait for the meals in the crowded canteen. 以上的动词spend, cost, take以及pay, pay for是考生在考试中间经常使用，也经常容易犯错的动词，所以需要好好掌握它们的区别和各自用法：spend的主语必须是“人”，宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后用on (for) + 名词或用in（可省略）+ 动名词形式，不接不定式。如：He spent a lot of money for this new car.他花了很多钱买了这辆新车。He spends much money on books.他平时将很多钱用在买书上。He spent a lot of money (in) buying a new car.他花很多钱买一辆新车。Every morning he spends half an hour on English.每天早晨他用半小时读英语。（句中on English可与(in) reading English替换）cost的主语必须是“物”或“事”，表示“费用”、“耗费”，后接life, money, health, time等，侧重于“花费”的代价。如：The book cost him one dollar.这本书用了他一美元。It costs you 12 pounds to go London by ship.乘船到伦敦要用12英磅。Making experiments like this costs much time and labor.做这样的实验要花很多钱。注意：cost后不能与具体的时间长度连用，只能与表示抽象概念的时间短语连用。如：some time, much time, ten years of hard work等。可说It cost him ten years of work.不可说It cost him ten years to work.take表示“花费”时，其主语一般是“一件事”，有时主语也可以是人，它说明事情完成“花费了”， 常常用在以It 作为形式主语的句子中。如：It took me ten minutes to go to the post office.到邮局用去了我十分钟时间。The producer took two years to make the film.制片商用了两年时间拍这部新影片。pay的基本意思是“支付”，作为及物动词，宾语可以是“人”、“钱”。如：He paid the taxi and hurried to the station.他付了出租车的钱，急忙向车站赶去。They had to pay two hundred francs.他得付二百法郎。Well pay you in a few days.几天后我会给你钱。pay for的宾语为“物”、“事”，for表示支付的原因。如：Youll have to pay me ten dollars a week for your meals.你得每周付给我十美元饭钱。注意：下面两句中pay for的意义不同。Of course we have to pay for what we buy.当然我们买东西得付钱。Dont worry about money; Ill pay for you.别担心钱，我会替你付的。一、主语错误 1. 主语缺失 1)In our country feels very free. People feel free in our country. 2)In my hometown arent very busy. People in my hometown are very busy. 2. 非名词主语 1)Rich doesnt ensure a happy life. Being rich doesnt mean a happy life. / Wealth doesnt ensure a happy life. 2)Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible. Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible. 3. 主谓错位 1)Reading books can acquire knowledge. People can acquire knowledge from books. 2)Now peoples lives cant leave TV. Now people cant do without TV. 二、谓语错误 1. 多重谓语 1)In our modern society, there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated. In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated. / A large number of people have fallen victim to various tricks. 2)Poverty makes many people cant study abroad. Poverty makes many people unable to study abroad. / Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. / Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. / Many people cant study abroad because of poverty. 2. 非动词谓语 1)Some people firmly agree, but others against it. Some people firmly agree, but others are against it. 2)It is said that the place worths touring. It is said that the place is worth touring. 3. 主谓不一致 1)I have to visit the teacher who teach me College English. I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English. 2)I use a disk because it hold plenty of data. I use a disk because it holds plenty of data. 4. 误用词组 1)They insist on post-graduate study is very important for them. They insist that post-graduate study is very important for them. 2)I am afraid of that its going to rain. I am afraid that its going to rain. 三、冠词错误 1)In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. In my opinion, the future of the bicycle is very promising. 2) They suggest that we should choose only the good books to read and never touch the bad ones. They suggest that we should choose only good books to read and never touch bad ones. 四、代词错误 1. 偷梁换柱 1)An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize. An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize. 2)If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us along. / If you cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. 2. 指代不明 1)He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed. He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting. / He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed. 2)Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden they have to bear. Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden students have to bear. 五、形容词、副词错误 1)What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look differently. What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look different. 2)Surprising enough, he faces the failure very bravely. Surprisingly enough, he faces the failure very bravely. 六、分词误用 1) Comparing with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem. Compared with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem. 2) Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewing through my camera. Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewed through my camera. 七、修饰语误置 1) Spoken English is an important part for learning English people. Spoken English is an important part for people learning English. 2)To keep the air clean, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside. To keep the air clean, we must move to the countryside the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside. 八、垂悬修饰语 1) Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people have greatly improved their living standard. 2)To tell my friend the good news, the letter was posted at once. To tell my friend the good news, I posted the letter at once. 九、平行错误 1) While we reduce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased. While we reduce the number of vehicles, we can increase the speed of traffic. 2) Before I selected the new course, my teacher warned me of the difficulty of the course and how long it lasted. Before I selected the new course, my teacher warned me of the difficulty and length of the course. / Before I selected the new course, my teacher warned me how difficult the course was and how long it lasted. 十、搭配错误 1) In the past the price of meat was so expensive that most families could not afford it. In the past the price of meat was so high that most families could not afford it. 2) Crowded traffic in some large cities is a big problem for city dwellers. Heavy traffic in some large cities is a big problem for city dwellers. 十一、破句 1) Nowadays, if you want to find a job. Then you must pass the job interview. Nowadays, if you want to find a job, you must pass the job interview. 二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误（一）句子结构错误1 主从句叠置1) There are more and more students like to use the computer.2) There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.2 简单句叠置I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.3 从句叠置As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.4 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.5 语序错误1) Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?2) I often wonder where have they got their money.（二）动词错误1时态错误Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future. 2语态错误1) I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.2) Most of the students satisfy with the service in the dining hall.3单复数错误1) Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.2) Someone are afraid that computer may control men in the future. 4非谓语动词错误1) Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.2) Do exercise in the morning is good for ones health.3) Having studied in our school for 3 years, the canteen service has changed a lot.（三）代词错误1) We can use computers in doing everything you like.2) A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.（四）冠词错误1) Horse is an useful animal.2) The exam will be held in the December, 2004. （五）词性错误1) I wish you can consider my suggests.2) If a person wants to success, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.二、用词错误1) Students must know how to apply a computer. 2) People can touch many new things on the Internet. 3) The purpose of this letter is to react some opinions on the service in the dining hall.三、表达习惯错误1) Why generated so large a change? 2) Now 6000 yuan can buy a P4 computer. 3) A room often lives 6-8 students. 4) I think this great change has three reasons.5) The prices of the food are too expensive.6) The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.四、标点符号及大小写错误1) However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among all universities.2) The man was racing down the street. Because he was late for the class.3) At last I want to let you know, I love our university very much.4) My favorite sports are swimming、jogging、mountaineering and playing table tennis.The best English film in my eyes isForrest Gump(1) 时态、人称和数用错 汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化，而对英语动词来说，这些都至关重要。例： 误: They said they can complete the work in three months. 正: They said they could complete the work in three months. 误: My father is a work and my mother is teachers. 正: My father is a worker and my mother is a teacher. (2) be 动词遗漏 在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如:“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：Im tired. 误: He will sure to come and help me. 正: He will be sure to come and help me. (3) 句子不完整 有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。 误: Because the kids thought their wages were too low. 正: Because the kids thought their wages were too low, they demanded a high pay. 误: While waiting for the bus. 正: While waiting for the bus, he talked with the little girl. (4) 介词、冠词遗漏 还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。 误: Because his mistake several people died. 正: Because of his mistake several people died. 误: I have never seen such beautiful picture. 正: I have never seen such a beautiful picture.一 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等例 When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生例 There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.四 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.五 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一