分词.doc

分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词，是非谓语形式，在句子中起形容词和副词的作用，充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，所以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。现在分词有一般式和完成式；主动语态和被动语态。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。以write为例，一般式和完成式的主动和被动的构成 一般主动式writing 一般被动式 being written 完成主动式Having written 完成被动式 having been written (此形式不可作定语)过去分词就只有本身这一形式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作；表示被动的含义，因而没有被动形式。例如：1.Having failed three times, he didnt want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didnt want to try again.)（having failed 表示发生在前的动作）2.Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a mans foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe)（walking 表示同时发生的动作）3.The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 4. I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood.5. Having been repaired many times , the car still broke down on the road分词的否定形式是在分词前面加上not, never等否定词构成。例如：Not fearing the fire, the child touched it and got a finger burnt. Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. （一）现在分词和过去分词的区别（1）通过观察比较下列表达法，说出现在分词在语态上表示主动行为而过去分词则是被动的意思例如：convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighting speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到)高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow落在地上的雪（2）同上（1），说出两者在时间上现在分词动作表示正在进行而过去分词表示已完成。例如：the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun（升起的太阳）the falling rain（正在下的雨）/ the fallen leaves（落下的树叶）stolen money（被盗的钱/偷来的钱）/ill-gotten wealth（不义之财）a high-flying kite（高飞的风筝）boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家1.Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note.(主动意义，几乎同时)2.The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president. (主动意义，同时)3.Tired of the noise，he closed the window. (被动意义，在谓语之前)4.Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again. (被动意义，在谓语之前)5.Persuaded by my mother，she gladly went there alone.(在谓语之前)（注）：1.（如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。）1.Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples.=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples.2.Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left.（3）.(分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。)1.After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off.2.Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition.3.Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash.4.Tom will never do this unless compelled.(逼迫)5.Shes been quite different since coming back from America.（二）分词，不定式和动名词的句法功能：（1）分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。1.Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。) (时间)2.Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。) (条件)3.Being excited，I couldnt go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldnt go to sleep。) (原因)4.The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。 (行为方式)5.The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there, he was surrounded by many students。) (行为方式)6. While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。) (时间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。)（2）作宾语补足语。1.Can you get the machine going again？2.You should have your hair cut。3.I saw him coming last night。（3）、作表语。1.The film is very moving2.Your homework is well done。3.The visitors looked surprised.4.The boys were seen walking on the grass。（4）、作句子独立成分（分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。）1.Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。2.All his ribs（ 肋骨）broken，he lay half dead。分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语，即一名词或一代词1.We explored the caves，Peter acting as a guide。(独立主格)2.The train having gone，we had to wait another day。（独立主格）（5）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。1.We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。 (两小时一直在看老师做实验)2.We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。 (只是在走过教室的一刹那间，看见老师正存做实验)3.I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。 (表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时，用动词不定式。)4.I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。(表示几个同时正在进行的动作，用现在分词)（6）在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让(叫、使、听任、允许)客体做的，或使客体保持或处于某种状态；而过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。1.He had the fire burning day and night。2.Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。3.Mary had her dress washed。4.He had his legs broken。5.I had my watch stolen yesterday。6.They had Jack beaten。（7）一些习惯说法：generally speaking（一般地说），roughly speaking（粗略地说），strictly speaking（严格地说）judging from (根据。判断)等现在分词结构都是习惯用语，在句子中作插入语。Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。三、使用非谓语动词应注意的问题1、不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语，常用于下列句型中:(1) in order to和so as to do(以便，为了):She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. (2)tooto do(非常 以至于不能)The boy is too young to join the navy. (3) enough to do(足以做)The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.(4)only to do(不料却)They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.2. allow, permit, forbid，encourage，advise的用法相似，具体如下:(1) 后面无人作宾语时，接doing,.（1）.Sorry we don t allow smoking in the lecture room（2）.The school doesn t permit smoking in class.（3）.Mrs. Green forbade smoking in her house（4）.The teacher encouraged speaking more English in class.(2)后面有人作宾语时，接to do.1.Tom s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV.2.The school doesn t permit its students to smoke in class.3.Mrs. Green forbade us to smoke in her house.4.The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in class.5.The doctor advised me to take more exercise.（3）.分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。现在分词动名词A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)A flying bird(a bird that is flying)A flying course(a course for flying)A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)The running water(the water that is running)The running track(the track for running)【练一练】一、 单句填空1. Alice returned from the managers office , _ (tell) me that the boss wanted to see me at once .2. The news reporters hurried to the airport , only _(tell) the film stars had left .3. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time _(pass) the exam. 4. When _ (compare) with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all .5. I dont know whether you happen _(hear) , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September5. _(attract) by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm . 6. Helen had to shout _ (make) herself heard above the sound of the music .7. The old man , _ (work) abroad for twenty years , is on the way back to his motherland . 8. Sarah , hurry up . Im afraid you cant have time to get _(change) before the party .9. According to a recent U.S. survey , children spent up to 25 hours a week _(watch)TV .10. The flu is believed _ (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat . 11. The flowers _(smell)sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature .12. The disco , digitally _(record) in the studio , sounded fantastic at the party that night . 13. _(attack) by terrorists , the tall building collapsed . 14. Dont leave the water _(run)while you brush your teeth.参考答案、1.telling 2.to be told 3.passing 4. compared 5. to have heard 6. Attracted 7. to make 8. having worked 9. changed 10. watching 11. to be caused 12.smelling 13. recorded 14.Having been attacked 15.running 二、 语法填空1. Anxiously , she took the dress out of the package and tried it on , only _(find) it didnt fit .2. Clearly and thoughtfully _(write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek the