读写任务作文写作指导.doc

读写任务作文写作指导（一）2014年考试说明，在2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(江苏卷)说明的基础上，进行了适当修订，并替换了部分典型题示例。书面表达示例部分多了读写任务作文，这一作文类型在2013年的考试说明上是没有的，将阅读与写作有机地结合,通过阅读所给材料的有关信息,进而对比信息进行加工,并结合平时积累的相关信息知识,按照任务要求谋篇布局, 训练对阅读文章的概括及缩写，完成指定的写作任务。这是个难度颇大的题目。摘要、概括要点的写法【概要】叙事类文章的内容包括“主题、情节”，其中情节是主要部分，“主题”有时藏于“情节”之中。在写摘要时，不能仅仅描写情节，必要时要点出“主题”。例： How We Got AroundBy the end of the 19th Century, our modes of transport were beginning to change.During the 1800s, the horse played an important role in everyday life. People traveled by stagecoach. These were very slow, uncomfortable and expensive. Only the rich could afford them.Henry Fort revolutionized the world by inventing the “horseless carriage”-the car (gas powered). However, cars were unpopular because of laws, which said that they must follow a man walking with a red flag. This meant the maximum speed of cars was only 5 km per hour!But soon, railways introduced inexpensive third class seats and train travel became more popular. In the 1880s liquid fuel helped make cars faster and by the 1920s they were no longer a richer mans toy and many people used them.The bicycle was also widely used at the end of the 19th Century, even though it was unsuitable for the bad roads of that time.Another method of transport was the tram or trolleybus. These looked like trains but ran on the road. They were electrically powered by overhead lines, and carried many people around cities and towns.Nowadays we feel fallen into the sea of cars. In the developed countries and developed areas of some countries, nearly every family has a car; some have two or even more, though the government has offered many more buses.写作步骤与技巧：1、了解大意做题目前， 要浏览短文，了解大意。如通过浏览标题、首段及各段首句等，很快明白这是一篇记叙交通工具发展变化的记叙文。2、找关键词通读全文，找准关键词。面对这样的叙事文，我们如何迅速找到关键词？其实，找关键词就是找记叙文的六个要素。一般说来，任何事情或事件（what）都会有时间（when）、地点（where）、可能涉及到的人物（who）、原因（why）、经过（how）、结果（result）。在阅读时将关键词划出来。根据以上方法，我们可以在文中找到下列关键词：What: modes of transport changedWhen: at the end of the 19th century-nowadaysWhy: slow/ uncomfortable/ expensiveHow: horse-drawing stagecoach-car-train-bicycle-trolleybus-sea of cars3、组词成句依照原文内容，将上述关键词扩展成完整的句子。 The transport modes changed at the end of the 19th century. Horse-drawing stagecoach was slow, uncomfortable and expensive. Henry Fort invented cars. Train was invented. Bicycle and trolleybus came into being. The modern cars are popular.4、连句成篇根据事情发生的顺序，用适当的连接性词语，将上述体现文章要点的句子连接起来，成为一篇较为通顺的短文。The transport modes have changed since the end of the 19th century. The horse-drawing stagecoach was slow, uncomfortable and expensive. Henry Fort invented cars. Then trains, bicycles and trolleybuses came into being one by one. In the modern society, we are living in a sea of modern cars.5、加工润色连成短文后，要检查是否有语法错误和拼写错误，逻辑是否合理，语句是否通顺。同时，在表达上，还要加工润色，提高所写摘要的档次，即根据需要将某些句子改为复合句或复杂句，表述上尽可能不要与原文雷同，使句式结构具有多样性，使上下文更具连贯性。现将上述内容加工润色后就成了下列摘要：The transport modes have changed since the end of the 19th century. People invented cars, trains, bicycles and trolleybuses instead of slow, uncomfortable and expensive horse-drawing stagecoach. And now modern cars are seen everywhere. (34 words)上述谈到的步骤与做法，在具体的写作过程中，不一定每一步都要在纸上写出来，但一般需经过这样的操作过程。特别是中下成绩的考生，在平时的练习中如能照此步骤进行，一定会收到良好的效果【注意点】一、语言上：不能抄袭写摘要不是缩写，不能引用原文的语句；写摘要也不是改写，不能把原句加以变形就完事；写摘要 主要是概括和抽象化，把具体的信息用一些具有高度概括功能块的词和句表述出来。所以，写摘要最好自己重新组织语句。那么，什么样的句子可能会被列入抄袭的“黑名单”呢？1、明显抄袭的句子与原文某个或某些句子完全一致或大部分一致。有同学写摘要就从原文的开头部分、中间部分和结尾部分各抄一句，以为这就是“摘要”，这种认识是错误的，这样的“摘要”是得不了分的。2、疑是抄袭的句子主要有这样几种情况：一是引用原文的核心词组；二是改动原句中的个别词汇，基本保留原句型；三是将原文从主动名改为被动句或者相反。如：原文：America is the land of automobile.习作：America is a nation of automobile.(改动中间的个别词，应当算抄袭。)原文：In the information age, such barrier of language must be removed by popularizing Mandarin because it inversely affects the quality and efficiency of oral communication.习作：Nowadays, the barrier of dialects must be removed by popularizing Mandarin because it has a bad effect on the quality and efficiency of oral communication.(保留了原文中的核心词组，有较大的抄袭嫌疑。)原文：He never criticized, but used to praise out our best.习作：We were never criticized.(主动变为被动，有抄袭嫌疑。)二、逻辑上：做好与下文的衔接在任务型写作中写摘要，还要考虑与下文的衔接，所以往往在写守摘要之后，还要有过渡词或过渡句。过渡句常见的有：1、表达自己的意见In my opinion, ; As far as I am concerned, ; As for me, 2、表示赞同I agree with the statement that ; I fully support the statement above because I am very sure3、表示不赞同I feel such an attitude is negative, and that it can bring ; Some people argues as if it is a general truth that ; But to be frank, I cannot agree with them.很多同学习惯上借用题目的要求提出问题，这也是一个不错的过渡方式 。三、长度上：用2-3个句子30个左右的词，用两到三个句子比较合适。因为词数比较少，不一定非要用写摘要的常见句型，比如像：The author thinks /argues, According to the passage,等。四常见写法如果是说明性或描述性短文,你就必须用概括的文字来说明某种现象。如：This article points out the common phenomenon - playing truancy (逃学 ) - among students. It also gives us a picture of the forms truancy takes. Finally, it tells the attitude on the part of the schools.如果给的阅读材料是一个故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水，而且最好讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。如：This story tells how a teachers word saved a shy and unconfident child and helped him find himself and hold on to his dreams. It tells us that teachers words can make difference to a childs life.如果是议论文的阅读短文,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。【Practice】阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。Once upon a time in a land far far away, there was a wonderful old man who loved everything. Animals, spiders, insects. One day while walking through the woods the nice old man found a cocoon(茧) of a butterfly. He took it home. A few days later, a small opening appeared; he sat and watched the butterfly for several hours as it struggled to force its body through that little hole. Then it seemed to stop making any progress. It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could and it could go no farther. Then the man decided to help the butterfly, so he took a pair of scissors and cut off the remaining bit of the cocoon. The butterfly then came out easily. But it had a swollen body and small, shriveled (萎缩的) wings. The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that, at any moment, the wings would enlarge and expand to be able to support the body. Neither happened! In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and shriveled wings. It never was able to fly. What the man in his kindness and haste did not understand was that the restricting cocoon and the struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening were Natures way of forcing fluid from the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from the cocoon. Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life. If we were allowed to go through our life without any obstacles, it would cripple us. We would not be as strong as what we could have been. And we could never fly. 1. 以约30词概括短文内容要点; 2. 以约120词就 “个人成长需要艰难生活的磨砺”这一话题发表你的看法，并包含以下要点：(1) 你读了这个故事后的感受；(2) 叙述当前父母溺爱子女的现象和由此造成的后果；(3) 假如你是父母一方，你会如何磨砺自己的孩子？ 1.可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中句子; 2. 文中不能出现考生真实姓名和学校名称。 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。读写任务作文写作指导（二）Opinion的写法根据考试阅卷标准,”读写任务”写作的第一部分即summary只占总分权重的20%,即5分。而第二部分即opinion部分则占80%，即20分。因此，若想在这一大题中取得好的成绩，opinion部分是关键。那么，如何才能发表出中肯的“观点”，在众多考卷中脱颖而出，获得阅卷老师的青睐呢？下面就以一篇实例具体分析其解题思路及整体上如何备考。It is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support, communication, loyalty, understanding, sympathy and intimacy(亲密,亲近). These are certainly aspects of life that all of us desire. Being able to trust and relax with your friend is a big part of friendship. Remember when you were young you went with a friend to her grandmas for the weekend. It was fun but when you got home, home was wonderful. Your feeling was “Im home. I can relax now.” Thats what a friendship should be. You go out into the world and do your best. You have your ups and downs(盛衰), your problems and triumphs(成功), your fun and tribulations(苦难). You charm and perform. Then you come “home” to a friend. You can relax, put up your feet; you are relieved. If you still have to be charming and /or performing, its not a relief. Friendship is a comfortable situation like home. You get home, kick off your shoes, relax and sigh, “Ahh, home.”But no one can form a friendship until he /she realizes that the basis of being friendsis meeting the needs of the other person. One must be a friend to have a friend.Never forget that relating is the basis of friendship.【写作内容】1）以约30个词概括短文的要点；2）然后以约120个词就“On Friendship”这个主题目发表看法，并包括如下要点：a)根据你的亲身经历，你觉得朋友给你的生活带来了什么？b)你对友谊的理解是什么？c) 你觉得如何才能建立起真正的友谊？【写作要求】你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。一、解题思路1、认真审题，领悟题意第一步：写作内容a)根据你的亲身经历，你觉得朋友给你的生活带来了什么？b)你对友谊的理解是什么？c) 你觉得如何才能建立起真正的友谊？文体：夹叙夹议人称：第一人称时态：一般现在时（主体时态）、一般过去时（“经历”）第二步：写作要求1）字数要求：以约120个词就”On Friendship”这个主题发表看法。2）注意事项：你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。2、整理要点，布局谋篇在明确写作要求和写作内容后，不要急于动笔写作。要从整体上把握文章的结构，划分文章的段落，理清文章的层次。如这篇文章我们可以把opinion部分直接按照a) b) c) 三个点分成三段。也可以把a) b) 放在一段，c)则单独成一段。这样阅卷老师一眼就能看到你是否把要点写全。此外，各段的笔墨分配要有机平衡，不能光a)这一要点就写了90词，剩下寥寥数语来论述b) c)两个要点。3、组织材料，充分论证1）调动经验，大胆想象由第一步分析可知，本文的文体是夹叙夹议。其中a)要求我们要有自己的亲身经历。这时，我们就应充分调动已有的生活经验，或者大胆发挥想象，虚构经历。如：Once on a weekend I fell badly ill and had to go to the doctor. Unfortunately, I lived at school and my parents had no idea of my illness. I had thought about living in bed all day hungry. But one of my friends had me sent to hospital and looked after me all day without having a rest, which moved me a lot. It is friendship that gives me a hand when Im in trouble.2)复读材料，移花接木写作要求中提到：可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。那么，就让我们再回到材料中去，查看有无可以利用的论点、论据等，再用自己的话语进行阐释，用以充实文章的内容，从而达到移花接木的效果。如b)要求我们谈对友谊的理解，而文中提到Your feeling was “Im home, I can relax now.” Thats what a friendship should be.那么，我们可以这样来改写： To my mind, friendship is a harbor where people may rest secure from storms and waves. 再如c)要求我们谈如何建立友谊。这一点，其实文中就有很好的建议： no one can form a friendship until he /she realizes that the needs of the other person. One must be a friend to have a friend. 在充分利用原文的基础上，再加入一两条自己的建议，我们可以写出这样的语句：First and foremost, to build up true friendship, do remember to trust your friends. Besides, its important for yourself to be a friend to have a friend, and always be honest with the other person. When he is in trouble, lend him a helping hand.4、注意衔接，自然过渡在完成写作之后，要特别留意各段落之间的衔接。因为a)b)c)三个点虽然被分成三段，但却是一个有机的整体。我们必须把他们巧妙地衔接起来。如b) c)两段这间可以如此过渡：Thus, its self-evident(毋待证明的,自明的) that friendship is not only a must but also a need to everybody. However, how can we gain a true friendship?此外，我们还必须注意opinion部分和前面summary的衔接。由于实例中阅读材料是议论文体,那么summary部分必然是以议论为主。而a)中首先要求要用亲身经历来说明朋友对你生活的影响。实际上就是由议论summary转入例证(experience)。那么，我们用一个短语就可以轻松过渡：As to me/To me, friends bring me a lot. 或者In terms of me, friends have always been the postman bringing happiness to me. According to my experience, I think that what friends bring me is not only trust, understanding but also happiness.总之，只要读来顺畅、自然就达到目的了。5、勘误润色，锦上添花在打好草稿后，还需要认真复查，尽可能减少一切可能出现的失误。检查时可从以下几个方面入手：时态、语态是否正确，主谓是否一致，句子结构是否完整，词语搭配是否恰当，单词拼写是否有误，标点符号是否准确等。当然，如果想写出一篇优秀的作文，还少不了最后一着：修饰润色。按照试题的评分标准，学生除了概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性外，还必须注意篇章的连贯性。因此，在完成整篇文章的写作后，还可以在句与句之间、段与段之间增加合适的连接词或过渡性的词、短语或句子。此外，句式的表达式尽量多样化，语言尽量地道化，不要使用汉语式的英语。只有这样的作文才可能在从多考卷中脱颖而出，获得阅卷老师的青睐。以下就是加工过后的优秀作文：Friendship plays a big part in our life, just like a home where you can get relaxed. But to keep and form it needs relating and being ready to help each other.According to my experience, I think friends bring me not only trust, understanding but also warmth. Once on a weekend I fell badly ill. Unfortunately, I lived at school and my parents had no idea of my illness. I had thought about lying in bed all day. But one of my friends had me sent to hospital and looked after me without having a rest, which moved me a lot. It is friendship that gives me a hand when Im in trouble.As I enjoy making friends, I value friendship a lot. And I think friendship is a relationship which requires both honesty with each other and sharing.Thus, to my mind, to build up real friendship, we should make friends with those who we can trust, then take serious concerns on our friendship and always get ready to help each other.考虑概括段与下文的承接读写任务型写作既然是先”读”后”写”,是读后有感而发,那么,”读的内容”和“感的内容”要有机地联系起来，即短文概括与发表议论的段落要全理地承接起来才是一篇连贯的文章。当然，具体的承接方式需要根据具体的写作内容而定。一般情况下，承接的方式可视原阅读材料的文体而定。1、阅读材料如果是议论文，作者已有鲜明的观点，可采用以下的句式承接下文：1)What the writer said sounds reasonable2)I cant agree more with what the writer said.3)I quite agree with the writers idea.4)Im for the writers idea that 5)I dont agree with the writers view.6)Im strongly against the writers idea.7)I partly agree with what the writer said.2、故事性的文章，更需要考生先揭示主题，引出作者的观点才能进行议论，一般可采用下面的句子承接：1)This story shows us the importance /necessity of 2)We can see from the passage that 3)It can be inferred from the passage that4)From this passage, we can know that 3、说明文或新闻报道是为读者提供一定的信息或揭示描述某种社会问题的，作者的写作意图往往没有明白地在文章中表达出来，所以我们在概括完原文的要点后，往往要先把作者的写作意图点明后才发表自己的意见。这时，我们可采用以下句式承接下文：1）This passage should arouse our awareness of 2)This passage draws our attention to 3)The phenomena mentioned in this passage reflects that 4)The problem talked about in this passage is worth our concerns.阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150左右的英语短文。 Young children are longing to the Chinese Spring Festival because they can get “lucky money” (moneygiventochildrenasalunarNewYeargift) from their parents and relatives. Well, the parents are not as happy as the children because they have to send out lucky money and figure out how to deal with their childrens lucky money.A 14-year-old boy wrote a post on the internet to object that his dad took away his lucky money. He thought he was old enough to take care of his lucky money and made a plan to buy stationary, spend summer vacation and pay for the parties with his classmates. His dad and mom earn about 6000 yuan per month together. During every Spring Festival, they have to take out more than 4000 yuan to give lucky money to their relatives and friends kids. Thus, his dad believed that his son should contribute his lucky money to his family. Why? He tried to teach his son to care about his family and learn that it is difficult to make money to support a family. As a result, the dad and the son quarreled. Then the son wrote on the internet to oppose his dad.1. 以约30词概括上文的主要内容；2. 以约120词就“父母是否应该掌管压岁钱”进行讨论，并包括以下要点：（1）你是如何处理压岁钱的？（2）父母应该掌管压岁钱吗？（3）你有什么建议给文中的小男孩？1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，语篇连贯。 本试题要求考生阅读一篇英语短文之后就“个人成长需要艰难生活的磨砺”这一主题进行议论，内容包括：(1) 你读了这个故事后的感受；(2) 叙述当前父母溺爱子女的现象和由此造成的后果；(3) 假如你是父母一方，你会如何磨砺自己的孩子？在评分时，应注意以下几个方面：1按照评分标准，实行分析综合法评分。2概括应包含以下要点： （1）A kind old man saw a butterfly struggling out of the cocoon. （2）The old man cut the cocoon open in order to lessen its pain.（3）The old man found that the butterfly could never fly because of his help.3. 写作的内容应该包括：（1）正确表达 “感受”, 如 “发人深省”。（2）能描述当前父母溺爱子女的现象和由此造成的后果, 如 “过度依赖父母, 缺乏独立能力”。 （3）就 “假如你是父母一方，你会如何磨砺自己的孩子？” 发表自己的看法。4. 其它要求见评分标准。附：写作评分标准1 基础写作 基础写作的评分建议采用分析法，即按照语言、内容和连贯三项指标分别给分，最后累计作为该题的总得分。项目赋分评分标准语言7-8具有很好的语言运用能力；语法和句子结构准确性高，词汇方面使用较好，只有少许错误。5-6具有较好的语言运用能力；语法和句子结构准确性较好，有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。3-4语言运用能力一般；语法和句子结构基本准确，语法结构或词汇方面的错误不影响理解。1-2语言运用能力较差；语法和句子结构基本不够准确，语法结构或词汇方面的错误较多，而且影响了对句子意义的理解。0语言运用能力很差；语法、句子结构、词汇错误很多，句子意义无法理解。备注每多或少写一个句子，扣1分。内容5包括了所有信息内容。4包括了大部分信息内容。3包括了基本信息内容。2包括了小部分信息内容。1包括了少许信息内容。0没有包括所提供的信息内容。连 贯2内容连贯，而且结构紧凑。1.5内容连贯性比较好，而且结构比较紧凑。1内容连贯性较差，而且结构不够紧凑。0内容缺乏连贯性，而且结构松散。备注文不对题，给0分。2. 读写任务 读写任务的评分建议采用综合法，即：根据总体影响给分。概要和文章的分值分别为5分和20分。项目赋分评 分 标 准概括5按照要求概括了原文的主要信息，没有增加与原文无关的信息，语言结构正确，行文规范。4基本按照要求概括了原文的主要信息，没有增加与原文无关的信息。语言结构正确，行文规范。3基本按照要求概括了原文的主要信息，但包含一些不相关的信息。语言结构基本正确，行文比较规范。2不能按照要求概括了原文的主要信息，包含较多不相关的信息。语言结构不够准确，行文不够规范。0-1没有按照要求概括原文的主要信息，基本是不相关的信息。语言结构不准确，行文不规范。写作18-20包含题目所给全部或绝大部分的内容要点。主题明确，内容丰富。词汇丰富，用词得当。能有效运用合适的语言结构，而且没有（或极少）语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性好。14-17包含题目所给全部或绝大部分的内容要点。主题明确，个别内容不准确或者不相关。词汇较丰富，有个别用词错误。较好地运用了合适的语言结构，有少许的语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性较好。11-13包含题目所给全部或绝大部分的内容要点。主题比较明确，个别内容不准确或者不相关。词汇较丰富，有一定的用词错误。较好地运用了合适的语言结构，有少许的语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性较好。7-10包含题目所给的部分内容要点。主题基本明确，有些内容不准确或者不相关。词汇有限，有较多的用词错误。语言结构出现较多的语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性一般。4-6只包含题目所给的个别内容要点。多数内容不相关或者不准确。文章有些地方照抄原文。词汇贫乏，有较多的用词错误。大多数的句子出现语法错误。篇章结构的连贯性差。1-3只包含与题目所给要点内容有关的一些单词。主题不明确，文章基本照抄原文。词汇极其贫乏，基本不能正确用词。几乎没有正确的句子。篇章结构零乱。0以下几种情况，给0分：1）完全抄袭原文（或其它文章）2）文不对题3）只写一些零散的单词，完全没有表达完整的内容A kind man cut a cocoon open in order to lessen the pain of a butterfly when he saw it struggling out of the cocoon, only to find that it could never fly because of his help. (37 words) The story sets me thinking. Our life is more or less like this. Sometimes, struggles or obstacles in our life are a must for our growth. It is these struggles or obstacles that increase our willpower and contribute to our success. Without these trials, we could never achieve our life goal just as the butterfly did in the story. Nowadays, with only one child in most families, parents do whatever they can to satisfy the childs needs and even do for him what should be done by himself. Consequently, the child is unable to look after himself without his parents presence. Too much care from parents deprives children of chances to grow strong by conquering obstacles. Just as a saying goes, “Flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm”.If I were a parent, I would first keep him well informed that life is never easy and that he should be ready to face any difficulties. Besides, I would expose him to the hardships in life instead of protecting him from difficulties, providing them with chances to fight for his bright future by conquering challenges. （186w）A boys parents took away his lucky money because they t