高考英语短文改错破题技巧.doc

高考英语短文改错破题技巧（1） 一、“短文改错”题中的常见错误类型1.动词：（1）主要考察能力：时态语态错误、主谓是否一致（第三人称单数）、动词的非谓语形式、固定搭配错误等。在改错题中，动词方面的考查比例较大。（2）出题形式：时态混用ie, Then the trouble started. We can not open the door. So we asked the policeman for help.讲解：很显然此句子主时态是一般过去式，因此应把can改为could。主谓不一致ie, There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening.讲解：原句中a football game决定了谓语动词必须用单数，所以应该把were改为was。固定搭配ie, I have given up somke. The dog doesnt like the smell.讲解：give up doing sth。因此动词somke应该改为somking。练习：1. The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon . keepskeeping 2. I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. becomingbecome 3. How about join us? The camp is at the foot of a small hill. joinjoining 4. Ill send my friend Charlie meet you at the airport. meetto meet 2. 时态、语态方面的错误 这类错误主要为现在时态与过去时态、主动语态与被动语态的误用。做题时，应注意把握文中动词时态的呼应规律，注意把握诸个并列动词的时态、语态的呼应规律。例如: 1. We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel before. havehad 2. Today，I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a college. admittingadmitted 3. We hung a sign on the front door that was read: “Were having dinner .” 去掉was 4. sometimes all that is need is someone to rely on. needneeded 5. Ill send my friend Charlie to meet you at the airport when you arrived. arrivedarrive3.主谓一致方面的错误 这类错误主要指主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词形式的错误。因此做题时，要注意谓语动词的形式要和句子主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如: 1. “I just want to know what the sign say.” saysays 2. Anyone can borrow books if he or she wish. wishwishes 3. Here are the information about Manchester University. areis 4. What may surprise you are that Im going to . areis4.名词：（1）主要考察能力：名词单复数形式的误用，可数名词与不可数名词的错误，名词所有格中“s”的误置等。（2）出题形式：单复数混用ie, Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy.讲解：“年龄多大了”应该为复数形式，应此应该把year改为years。注意：代词单复数混用类似。As for a friendship, we can readily find them in our classmates and other people around us.讲解：显然因该把them改为it，指代前面提及的friendship。练习：1. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests. ideasidea 2. In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more beautiful. skiessky 3. . youve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life. waysway 4. . but she marked strictly on students actual performance . studentsstudents5. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream. waters -water 6. There are branch library in many villages. library - libraries 7. I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon. times 改为 time 8. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. question 改为 questions5.形容词/副词（1）主要考察能力：误用形容词修饰形容词，误用副词修饰名词，误用形容词修饰动词，误用形容词或副词的原级、比较级和最高级以及误用带-ly的副词与不带-ly的副词等，特别注意根据上下文该用比较级而未用的“暗中比较”。（2）出题形式：形容词与副词混用。即该用形容词的地方原文用了副词，该用副词的地方原文用了形容词。副词代替正确形容词出现在文章当中ie, During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually.讲解：很明显“与平时相比较更忙”，因此需要把usually改为usual。形容词代替正确副词出现在文章当中ie, As the time clock showed one minute and forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come on-get going!”讲解：显然应把excited改为excitedly，修饰动词cheer。练习：1. They came back lately and had some tea. latelylate 2. you always gave me specially attention . speciallyspecial 3. . they fly down immediate and catch them without delay. immediateimmediately 4. Yes，it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from . clearlyclear 5. I know you are particular interested in Human Rights. particularparticularly 6. Last year, my English teacher proved to be the more popular in our school. moremost7. After an hour or so we began to feel very frightening. frightening 改为 frightened 8. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the taller building in New York. taller 改为 tallest 9. As a result, people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past. 去掉 more 6.介词（1）主要考察能力：这类错误多指漏掉介词、多用介词或介词与其他词语搭配的错误等，（特别是与动词的）固定搭配。（2）出题形式：介词省略ie, Im surt you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster.讲解：get rid of 是固定搭配，意思为“摆脱，除去”介词多余ie,My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking.讲解：这里显然示对because of与because用法的辨别区分。前者不能接句子，而后者充当连词可以接句子。所以应该把of去掉。介词用错(一般为固定搭配)ie, I pick out her false hair and said, “Dont be sad, Miss.”讲解：pick out应该为pick up。pick out挑选的意思；pick up捡起的意思。练习：1. The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised . 去掉for 2. He was looking for a glass the cupboard. the前面加in 3. After autumn arrives，the city looks as an old man with leaves . aslike 4. . he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes . pay后面加for 5. On the front door stood a five-year-old boy from across the street. OnAt 6. Could you share your experience for us? forwith 7. My mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care. care后加of8. Bill insisted in staying near the car. in 改为 on 9. When they came down the police were angry to them. to 改为 with 10. Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill. 去掉 for练习： 动词1. He lied down by the side of the path to rest. lied 改为 lay2. Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of the building. seeing 改为 seen3. Books may be keep for four weeks. keep 改为 kept4. and let you know when the book you want has returned. returned 前加 been 5. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas. go 改为 come 6. They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions. eager 前加were 7. Id like to your pen-friend， and get to know more about your country. to 后加 be / become8. What your favourite sport？ what 后加 is 或将 What 改为 Whats9. I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time， but now I am interested in football. use to 改为 used to10. I was used to watch it every night. 去掉 was11.There will an important game next month. will 后加be12. Because of so much viewing， children may not be develop the habit of reading and the ability to enjoy themselves. 去掉 be13. I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. 去掉 should14. As we were all left home at an early age. 去掉were15. I often dream of a teacher. a teacher 前加上 being 或 becoming主谓一致1. Bill was standing at the side of the car，talking to two men who was helping him to repair it. was 改为 were2. Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. give 改为 gives3. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. is 改为 are4. But then there is always more mysteries to look into. is 改为 are5. But not all information are good to society. are改为is6. So then， a concert cost so much. I may just listen to music. cost改为costs7. If I listen to my own records， there are no need to spend money. are改为is8 youwill probably want to join the Stamp Collectors Club which exist to add more stamps to your collection. exist改为exists9. One evening she told me that something happened when their parents was out. was改为were时态1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop（stop改为stopped） （全国卷）2. and had returned to the car！ Bill is standing at the side of the car （is 改为 was）3. Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday，police cars hurry to the（hurry 改为 hurried） （全国卷）4. Today，it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past. （第二个is 改为 was（全国卷）5. Also，scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases. （had 改为 have）6 . Anyone may borrow books， and it cost nothing to borrow them. （cost 改为 costs）7 If the book you will want is out， you may ask for it to be called back for you. （去掉 will）8 I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again. （is 改为 was） （全国卷）9They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together. （have 改为 had） （全国卷）10I learn about you from my English teacher， Miss Fang. （learn 改为learned）（全国卷）11My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team. （was 改为 is）12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set. （am 改为 was） （全国卷）13Id like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very （had 改为have） （北京春）14I remembered her words and calm down. （calm改为calmed）（全国卷）15They did not want me to do any work at home； they want me to devote all my time to （did 改为 do） （全国卷） 16He said he is busy. （is 改为 was） （北京春）17On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. （passes 改为 passed） （全国卷）18 But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son. （was 改为 is） （安徽卷）19 At once I apologize and controlled myseff at my best till the dinner started.（apologize改为 apologized） （江苏卷）20 Sometimes， we talked to each other very well in class， but after class we become stranger at once. （talked改为 talk） （全国卷）21 She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbors house. （find改为 found） （福建卷）22 We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters. （treat改为 treated） （天津卷）23 I am always young when I was staying with them. （am改为 was） （湖北卷）24. David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car. wanted 后加 to 25. rather than go into the forest and getting lost. getting 改 get 26. Modern people know more about health, have better food, and to live in clearer surroundings. 去掉live 前的 to27. you pay the cost of send a postcard, the librarian will write to you. (send改为sending) 高考英语短文改错破题技巧（2）7.连词（1）主要考察能力：前后两句话之间的衔接关系，要判断连词用的是否正确，是否符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题平行结构常借助与并列连词and, or, but, not onlybut also, notbut, eitheror, neither nor, as well as等，though不与but连用，because不与so连用等。（2）常考三种关系：but转折 and并列 because/so因果 ie, One day, my wife and I went shopping at a store. We drove the car but we had a lot of things to buy. but改为because/as/for。ie,Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers.前后句之间是并列关系，因该把but改为and练习：1. It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. SoBut 2. I became very active but made new friends. butand 3. My hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite. soand 4. While they find fish come to the surface, they fly down immediately. WhileWhen 5. Both your aunt or I look forward to seeing you again. orand 6We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do. and 改为 but 7. I told Mother, Father, Sister, all my friends here what a great time I had. all 前加 and 8. It is a very important exam but I cant afford to fail it. but 改为 and / so9. It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. and 改为 or 10. Im the captain of our school team so with my fellow players weve won several games. so 改为 and 8. 冠词（1）主要考察能力：这类错误多指a(n)与the的误用，a与an的误用。有时也表现为:单数可数名词前面该用冠词的地方缺少冠词，不该用冠词的地方多了冠词。（2）出题形式：冠词多余ie, I sat in the front of the TV at 7 oclock, when the game just began. 讲解：区分in front of sth和in the front of sth。因此原文中应该把the去掉。冠词遗漏As we all left home at early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. 讲解：at an early/tender age固定搭配词组，表示“出于-年龄”，可以翻译为“很小/年幼的时候”. 练习：1. An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea between France and England in the balloon in 1784. the balloona balloon 2. the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with . same前面加the 3. And if he breaks the law of society ., he may go to the prison. 去掉prison前的the 4. so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun. 去掉fun前的a5. After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened. a 改为 an6. I decided to climb the tree to see where we were. the 改为 a 7. Good health is persons most valuable possession. persons 前加 a 8. Maybe you could come during a winter holidays. a 改为 the 9. Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. 去掉 a 9.代词（1）主要考察能力：代词是否多余，以及与反身代词之间的混用。这类错误主要包括形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的误用，关系代词、连接代词的误用，代词主格与代词宾格的误用，代词单数与代词复数的误用，各个不定代词之间的误用，反身代词与代词宾格之间的误用，代词的指代错误等。（2）出题形式：代词多余ie, Dont lose your heart. With the help of the people all over the world, Im sure you will get rid of the sorrow and unhappiness. 讲解：lose heart：become discouraged泄气；丧失勇气；而lose ones heart（to sb/st）：fall in love爱上；钟情于。原文意思很明显是“别泄气”。所以应该把your去掉。一字之差，离题千里。代词混用ie, We were living in a big family. We treated each other as brothers and sisters. If any one of them had any difficulty, the other would help him or her out. 讲解: 原文意思是说“我们生活在一个大家庭之中，彼此间相处如同兄弟姐妹。如果我们之中谁有困难，其他人就会帮助他/她解决困难。”所以应把them改为us;把other改为others。注意：the other表示两者之中“另一个”；the others表示在一个范围内的其他全部。代词遗漏A teacher could make classes lively and interesting. 讲解: 应该在classes前加his，表示“使他的课堂生动有趣”。 练习：1. . the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves. histheir 2. a lot of white birds come to my city for food. I can wait patiently above the sea for quite a long . IThey 3. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，they will go hungry. theyhe 4. That night, we sat down to what they thought would be a pleasant, uninterrupted . theywe 5. I just smiled to me and thought . memyself 6. your life in your country is quite different from me. memine 7. Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting. thatwhich 8. David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village. 去掉 it 9. When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook head. head 前加 his 10. We climb everywhere, not only in America. They have been to Europe many times. They 改为 We 11. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. his 改为 their 10.从句（1）主要考察能力：常考that与what或which/how与what之间的转换。（2）出题形式：ie, She never has enough time for that she wants to do. 讲解：原文意思是“她没有足够多的时间来做自己想做的事情”，很明显应该把that改为what。注意：这一形式是改错常考点。ie, We Chinese people have always been concerned about which has happened in your area. 讲解：原文中需要一个连接词承接前后连个句子，这个连接词充当be concerned about引导宾语从句中的主语，所以应该把which改为what。练习：1. In the last five years that theyve climbed churches, high buildings and television towers. 去掉 that 2. Charles said, “As soon I see a really tall building, I want to climb it. I 前加 as3. Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill. since 改为 when / if / whenever 4.However, there are still some countries there people have shorter lives. there 改为 where 5. in other places where you are limited to a certain number, of which some may be novels. 去掉 where 11. 短语、句型固定搭配错误 主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词、动词的固定搭配；及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词，英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。 1. My teacher advised me to keep my diary. keep a diary固定搭配，意思是“写日记”. 2. In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To ones surprise 固定搭配 3. I thought that was dull to watch a game 考查it的功能，It + be + adj. + to do固定结构。12、缺词考点与多词错误的情形相似，漏词也主要涉及英语中一些“小”词，如冠词、介词、不定式符号、人称代词、动词 be等。具体说来，漏词错误可能涉及的问题有：不及物动词后接宾语时漏加必要的介词，在该带不定式符号to的地方漏加 to，在单数可数名词表示泛指意义时漏加必要的限定词(尤其是漏加不定冠词)，漏掉表特指的定冠词，漏掉被动语态中的助动词 be，漏加系表结构中的连系动词 be，漏加一些常用结构或表达中的介词(如漏掉 a lot of 中的 of，漏掉 because of 中的 of，漏掉 instead of 中的 of等)，漏掉某些从句的“引导词”(通常会导致意义不通)，等等。练习： (1) When I have free time I go a long walk. (go 后加 for，go for a walk 是习语) (2) Charles said, “As soon I see a realy tall building, I want to climb it. 第一个I 前加 as(3) The World Health Organization and other organizations are working improve health all over the world. improve前加 to (4) In some places you may borrow many books as you want. many 之前加 as (5) I had always wanted return to the village after moving away. return前加 to 13. 多词考点多词错误主要涉及英语中一些“小”词，如冠词、介词、不定式符号、人称代词、动词 be、比较级more等。具体说来，多词错误可能涉及的问题有：及物动词后接宾语时误加介词，在该用动词原形的地方误加不定式符号to，在物质名词、抽象名词、复数名词等表示泛指时误加定冠词，在一些可直接用作状语的短语前误加介词in, on, for 等，误加一些导致语义重复的小词(如two 与both连用，all 与whole 连用等)，在本身已是比较级的词前误加more，在不是从句的地方误加从句“引导词”，在一些习惯用语和固定表达中误加不该用的“小词”(如冠词、介词、副词等)，等等。练习：(1) David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village. 去掉 it (2) Some people read the books or watch television while others have sports. 去掉 the(3) In the last five years that theyve climbed churches, high buildings and television towers. 去掉 that (4) Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital when they are ill. 去掉 for 二、解题思路（三步解题法）：第一步：快速浏览全文，把握文章的主要时态、人称及文章的主旨大意，顺便标记自己一眼就能看出的错误。第二步：细读文章的每一句话。一般要结合文章的前后句以及出题规律来做题。第三步：代入已经修改完成的答案通读全文，看其是否通顺。三、 遵循“四原则” 1. 改动处以最少为原则。“短文改错”题要求每行只能改动一处，改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或把一个词改成另一个词。 2. 实词以改变词形为原则。在“短文改错”题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。例如: The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon . (把keeps改为keeping) Yes, it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from . (把clearly改为clear) 3. 虚词以添加或删除为原则。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。例如: They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early . (删去that) He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前面加in) 4. 以保持句子原意不变为原则。做“短文改错”题时，一般不应改变句子原意。改错时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意。做到换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其佳者而从之。例如： But I have spent most my money, so I cannot(四川卷) 改正：在my前加of。也有同学去掉most，这种改法虽改正了语法错误，但改变了原意。作者想