四六级阅读与作文技巧.doc

四六级阅读与作文技巧 阅读理解始终是外语学习和考试重点。一阅读理解的测试要点如下： 1理解主旨大意； 2寻读具体信息； 3理解细节； 4根据上下文提供的语境，推测生词词义，进而加深对文段的理解； 5简单的判断和理解； 6理解文段的基本逻辑结构； 7理解作者的意图和态度； 8理解文段的文化信息； 9理解图表信息； 10理解指代关系。阅读理解的目的和出题规则大纲要求：考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化和科学等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。根据阅读材料，考生应能：（1）掌握文章的中心思想，主要内容和细节；（2）理解上下文的逻辑关系；（3）根据上下文推断生词的含义；（4）进行一定的判断和推理；（5）理解说话的意图、观点或态度。要求考生根据所提供的四篇或五篇（总长度约为1800词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4或5个选项中选出最佳答案。题型及解题方法 (一)主旨大意题 主旨题要求考生在阅读有关文章后能够概括出中心思想，确定段落大意或选定最佳标题。主旨题的典型提问方式有：1. The best title for this passage is_ 2. Topic of the article is_ 3. The main idea of the passage is_ 4. The passage is mainly about (concerned with) _ 5. The passage mainly (primarily) deals with_ 6. The author mainly discusses_ 7. The title that best expresses the main idea is_8. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is_9. The authors purpose in writing this passage is_ 10. The main idea of this selection may be best expressed as_ 11. What is the main topic (theme, subject, point) of the passage_? 12. Which of the following is the best title for this passage_ 13. What would be the most appropriate title for this passage_? 14. What does the passage mainly discuss? 15. Which title suits this passage best? 16. Which sentence best summarizes the article?解题方法：用略读法将首尾两段(或首尾部分)快速浏览一下，然后快速寻找和浏览一下其他段落的主题句，将这些内容结合起来，原文的中心思想就一目了然了。四个答案中最接近这个中心意思的就是正确答案。正确选项特点：（1）不出现细节信息。（2）不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。干扰选项特点：（1）细节信息明显。（2）过于笼统。注意事项：（1）不管它出现在文章的什么位置，都作为最后一道题去做，因为做完其他题以后会对文章主旨的理解有帮助。 （2）着重理解首末段、首末句。（3）遇到文章前后段意思转折，需提高警惕，可能是主旨在文章中间的情况。（4）作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是文章主旨。（5）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常是文章主旨。（6）提出文章主旨时常伴有的词是：therefore，thus，but，however，inshort等等。（7）段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句。 (二)事实细节题 细节题要求考生理解与文章主题有关的事实依据，赞同或反对的理由，以及找出其他有关的细节或具体的数据等。细节题的出题类型主要有以下三种： 1特殊疑问句以what，who，when，how，where等引导的问题。A. What do we know about.? B. Why is (are).? C. How many (much). in this article? D. In what year.? E. In what way.? F. According to the passage, who (what, where, when).? 2正误判断题通常询问文章中所述的事情是否真实，某种提法是否正确或文章(作者)是否提及某事。A. What do we know about.? B. Why is (are).? C. How many (much). in this article? D. In what year.? E. In what way.?F. According to the passage, who (what, where, when).? A. Which of the following statements is (not) true? B. Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article? C. Which of the following does not explain.? D. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author? E. Which of the following in NOT listed as.? F. All of the following are true except. G. The author mentions all of the items listed below except. H. The author (passage) does not tell us.3. 填空题通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节，但涉及的范围比正误判断题要广。A. The real cause is_B. According to the author, the techniques can be used to_C. The author states that_D. The experiment shows that_E. Mr. X expects (hopes, wishes) _解题方法：找出指文章中与问题中所划关键词的意思相同或相近的对应词(该对应词可能与关键词相同也可能不同)。对应词所在的句子或句子部分极可能为包含解题信息的信息句。将该句认真阅读后，再将四个答案与该句内容逐一对照后，就会发现某个答案的信息与信息句的信息大致相同，则该答案即为正确答案。正确选项特点：（1）一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。题干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值。（2）体现中心思想，一般与文章主旨直接关联。干扰选项的特点：（1）部分正确，部分错误。（2）是原文信息，但是不是题目要求的内容。（3）符合常识，但不是文章内容。（4）与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动。 注意事项：（1）主旨与细节是相辅相成的，确定了主题，才能深刻理解材料的作用。同样，对具体细节有较为全面的理解，就能更好的判明主题。（2）文章的事实细节内容不会孤立地出现，它与前后的内容密切相关，考生要善于利用因果、类比、时间、空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体。（3）看细节内容要跳出来看，即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识，然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务。（4）坚决遵循本本主义，文章里有什么就用什么，不可凭感觉发挥做题。 (三)词语含义题 词语题主要是测试考生根据上下文判断生词或新短语意义的能力。有两种类型：一是要按照上下文与字里行间的线索进行分析和大胆的猜测最后确定正确的含义；二是要特别注意新词汇和短语的引申意义。有不少的词或短语考生也许见过或认识，但这些词或短语的意义在新的背景或上下文中可能与原义不同或者有进一步的引申。 词语题的提问方式主要有：1. What is the possible meaning of the word . in line.? 2. Which is the probable definition of the word . ? 3. The italicized word in line . means_4. Which of the following is nearest (closest) in meaning to .?5. By . , the author means_6. In line . the word this (that, these, those, it, them) stands for_7. The word (phrase) . probably means_8. The word (phrase) . is closest to_9. In line . , the word . most probably means_10. In line . , the word . could best be replaced by_解题方法：词语题可分为两类：一类是生词，而另一类是常见词。考题问它在特定语境中的具体意思。解这两类词义题可遵循同样的方法：根据该词找到它在原文中的位置，然后运用猜测词义法，根据上下文所提供的各种线索猜测或确定它们的词义。 注意事项：（1）不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思。（2）不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。（3）正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语。（4）含原文词或短语越多，就越不可能是正确选项。 (四)推理引申题 推理题要求考生在理解原文的基础上，根据文章中所阐述的事实细节和上下文的暗示与线索进行综合分析，然后做出推断预测或得出合情合理的结论。因此，考生必须细读全文，不仅要懂得文章的表层意义，还要理解深层的内涵；不仅要掌握言词的观点和倾向，还要获取字里行间隐含的信息。推理题的常用提问方式有：1. The passage is intended to_ 2. The passage implies that_3. It can be inferred from the passage that_4. It can be concluded from the passage that_5. We can conclude (infer, see) from the article that_6. The writer implies that_7. The author suggests that_8. An inference which may (not) be made from the article is_9. According to the article, many people may_10. The next paragraph would most probably deal with_11. The paragraph preceding (following) this one may discuss_12. In the paragraph following this one, we may expect the author to discuss_13. What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss? 14. What does the writer imply about.? 15. Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the article? 16. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? 17. Where would this paragraph most probably be found? 18. Where would this paragraph most probably appear?解题方法：这类题难度较大，具体解题方法也各不相同。但总体来说，根据题中的关键词或主要内容从原文中找到相关信息。透过它的表层意思，将它所隐含的深层意思(implied meaning)理解透彻，并根据其深层意思做出合理的推断，预测或引申。正确选项的特点：（1）不是文中明确说明的内容，有引申推理。（2）正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。干扰选项的特点：（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，如因果倒置，手段变目的等。（3）根据考生已有的常识是正确的，但是却不是基于文章内容，一切以文章内容为准。（4）推理过头，引申过渡。 注意事项：（1）注意那些似乎话中有话的的间接表达句，它们往往采用说半句，打比喻，反着说的方式，让考生有推理的余地。（2）注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子。考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看透，也是命题点所在。 (五)作者态度题 态度题要求考生从文章的论述方法、语气和遣词措辞中把握作者对人与事的好恶，了解作者的态度和情感。 态度题常用的提问方式有：1. Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with? 2. The author seems to be in favour of the idea of_3. Whats the authors opinion (attitude)? 4. What does the writer think of . ? 5. The authors attitude towards . might be best summarized as_6. In the writers opinion_,7. The author of the passage seems to be_ 8. The tone of the author is_9. The authors purpose of writing this article is_10. How does the author feel about? 11. The tone of the author can best be described as_12. Whats the tone of the passage? 13. From the passage we know that the author_14. It can be seen from the passage that the author regards with_15. By using the expression . , the author implies that_解题方法：这类题也属于高难度的题型。做此类题时考生要注意分清什么是作者的客观陈述，什么是作者自己的观点和态度。这就要求考生从文章的论述方式，语气，遣词造句中把握作者的观点、态度、倾向和情感等。 注意事项：（1）作者对某一事物的看法，要么支持，要么反对，要么是带有程度限制的词，而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。（2）漠不关心类词语一定不对，既然写文章就不会不关心。（3）一般绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错，如：strong，complete，entire，enthusiastic等。（4）持有保留态度的比较客观，常常是正确选项，如：reserved，qualified，tempered，guarded，consent等。（5）不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度。（6）当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度。（7）作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联。猜测词意法虽然考生大多积累了一定的词汇量，但在考试时不可避免地会或多或少地碰到一些生词。这些生词对于快速准确理解文章内容是一大障碍，克服这一障碍的方法就是运用猜测词意法将该词大概的词义猜测出来。一般情况下考生可根据上下文内容所提供的一些线索进行猜测。猜测词意时考生不必过细，因为有的生词只能猜出大概的意思，有的生词则根本无法猜出其意思。一般来说，碰到一、两个不会的词，无关紧要。重要的是，要弄懂整篇文章表达了什么思想。如过分苛求，一则不可能做到，二则会影响阅读速度，从而影响阅读情绪。根据上下文的内容，猜测词意所依据的线索可分为以下几类：1、定义(definition) 通过上下文给出的定义，考生可以将某些生词的意思猜测出来。这种定义是广义的，它可能是一个句子，也可能是一个单词或一个短语。经常出现在定义中，使定义与被定义的内容之间建立起关系的词有：be, mean, in other words, that is, or, namely等等。 例如：Telecommunication means, simply, communication from a distance. It may be by cable or by the use of electrical（电的、电力的、电动的、电气的） or electronic（电子的、电子学的、电声的）signals.2、同位语或定语 利用文中说明词义的同位词或定语等，猜测词义。例一：The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarines(潜艇) to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.句中snorkel一词的意思，可通过其同位语“a long air tube that reaches up to the surface”来猜得，由此，我们可确定该词义为“通气管”。例二：The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.通过定语从句“which is used to measure electricity”(用来测量电的)，我们可将“multimeter”的词义确定为“万用表”。例三：They will be on the night shift from midnight to 6 a. m. next week.由破折号之间的解释内容，我们可以了解到“night shift”意思为“夜班”。3、重述(restatement) 所谓重述是指作者用另外的词，短语或句子将前面已述及的内容再重述一下。根据重述内容，考生可将前面内容中的生词的意思猜测出来。 例一：Japan is now in recession. Its economic growth is slowing down, business profits are declining, and more and more people are out of work. 上例中第一句中的recession一词的词意可以从该句后面的重述日本经济发展减慢，工商业利润滑坡，越来越多的人失业猜测出： (经济)衰退。 例二：Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel.文中“regulate”的词义可猜测为与“government control”的意思相近。例三：One of the predominant concerns today is the future of our natural resources. This issue is of greatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our present resources will not last forever.文中“predominant”的词义可猜测为具有与“of greatest importance”相近的意思。例四：Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.文中“enormous”的词义可猜测为与“so large”的意思相近。4、举例(examples) 从such as，like，for example，for instance等词后所列举的例子可以猜测出一些单词的词意。 例一：Doctors recommended that everyone exercise everyday, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing, or sewing. 上例中的sedentary一词的词意可以从like后的具体例子reading，typing，or sewing很容易猜测出来： 坐着的，需要(或习惯于)久坐的。 例二：Some artists plan their paintings around geometric（几何学的，有几何图形的）forms like squares, circles and triangles.如不知道geometric forms的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为“几何图形”。例三：Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.如不知道appliances的意思，从文中的举例“washing-machines(洗衣机)，refrigerator(冰箱)，televisions(电视机)”可以猜得该词的意思为“家用电器”。5、对比(contrast) 从表示对立或相反的信号词可以判断某些内容前后意思对立或截然相反。根据这一线索，考生可以从其中一个词猜测出另外一个词的意思。 例一：He is very dependable，but his brother is untrustworthy 以上例句中的but说明了两并列分句的意思截然相反。dependable表示 可靠的，那么untrustworthy肯定是指不可靠的或不可信任的。 例二：American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.文中be punctual的意思，可理解为“not come late”，即“准时，不迟到”。例三：Unlike her gregarious（爱交际的、合群的）sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.根据文中“unlike.”的意思，可将gregarious理解为与文中“a shy person who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.”相反的意思，即：表示“好交际的”。6、构词法（word forming）例一：They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions.在overestimate词中over-是前缀，意为“过分”。因此overestimate的词义可以猜测为“过高估计”的意思。例二：We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel. That was why we had to pay so much for it. Spacious是由词根space(空间)+ious(形容词后缀)构成。由此我们可以猜得其大概意思为“有空间的，宽敞的”。7、其他相关信息(related information) 考生还可根据上下文内容中的其他一些相关信息，结合一些基本常识或背景知识来猜测一些生词的意思。例一：Just before the exam，Bills heart beat fast and his hands shook so much that he could not hold a penHe really had a phobia（不正常或病态的惧怕）about taking tests 根据常识可以推测，如果一个人在参加测试时 心跳加速，手颤抖得握不住笔，那么他肯定存有 恐惧心理。不难猜出phobia的意思为 恐惧(心理)。 例二：The female mosquito is a vampire（吸血鬼、敲诈勒索者、吸血蝠） and lives on blood.如不知道vampire的词义，从下文lives on blood(靠吸血而生存)则可得知其词义为吸血昆虫。例三：The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.如不知道spectacles的词义，从下文“戴上spectacles后开始阅读”可以猜得其词义“眼镜”。8.词根词缀法:详见所发材料在阅读理解中要求判断词语意义的问题，通常有下列形式：（1）According to the author, the word “.” means _ .（2）By “.”the author means _ .（3）Which of the following is nearest(closest)in meaning to “.”?（4）The word “.”in the passage means _ .（5）“.”is _ .（6）The word “.” most likely means _ . 总之，总的方法应为：先读题干 原文定位 正确答案为前句，后句 或本句。翻开历年英语试卷的阅读部分，考生首先应当掌握的最基本的应试总则可以概括为12个字：题干信息、圈点到位、重叠原文。事实上这12个字已经概括了阅读解题的全部过程。Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay for it. In the United States the system of the future has already started: pay-as-you-view. Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present; they could watch from the trainers stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game. And at their disposal will be the sane options the producer of the recorded programmer has to select replays, to choose which camera to me and to decide on the sound whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence, which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever. It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest team. This is true, but the future of those teams is also modest. They have reached their ceiling. It is the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audience. The world is being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and, in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.1What does the writer mean by use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage” in the first paragraph? Asport is combined with television. Bsport controls television. Ctelevision dictates sports. Dsport and television will go their own ways2What does “they” in line 2 paragraph 2 stand for? ABroadcasts. BChannels. CSpectators. DTechnologies.3How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies? AThey are too old to do anything. BThey feel ill at ease. CThey feel completely at home. DTechnologies can go hand in hand with sports.4What might be the appropriate title of this passage? AThe arguments of sports executives. BThe philosophy of visionary executives. CSports and television in the 21st century. DSports: a business. Most episodes of absent-mindedness forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “Youre supposed to remember something, but you havent encoded it deeply.”Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and dont pay attention to what you did because youre involved in a conversation, youll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in you wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isnt failing you,” says Schacter. “Rather, you didnt give your memory system the information it needed.”Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (药物) with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table dont leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why youre there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and youll likely remember.1.Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?A) It helps us understand our memory system better. B ) It enables us to recall something form our memory.C) It expands our memory capacity considerably.D) it slows down the process of losing our memory.2.One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that _. A) they have a wider range of interests B) they are more reliant on the environmentC) they have an unusual power of focusing their attention D ) they are more interested in whats happening around them3.What do we learn from the last paragraph? A ) If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.B) Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.C) Repetition helps improve our memory.D) If we keep forgetting things, wed better return to where we were.