英语比较级.doc

3个比较级别 形容词大多可以比较，有3个比较级别（Degrees of Comparison）。 形容词的原来形式称为原级（Positive Degree）：This house is smallHe is a wise manI found this horse very fast表示一样东西或人比另一样东西或人“更”的形容词，称为这个形容词的比较级（Comparative Degree），单音节形容词的比较级由该词加词尾-er构成：This house is smaller than yours These houses are smallerthan thoseHe is a wiser man than his fatherI found this horse faster than that表示在3个或更多的东西或人中“最”的形容词，称为这个形容词的最高级（Superlative Degree），单音节词以加-est方式构成最高级：This house is the smallest of all These five houses are thesmallest of allHe is the wisest man in this cityI found this horse fastest of all I found these horses fastest ofall双音节或多音节形容词，多以前面加more的方式构成比较级，以加most 的方式构成最高级：This house is beautiful（原级）He is a cunning manI found the horse very usefulThis house is more beautiful（比较级）than yoursHe is a more cunning man than his brotnerI found the horse more useful than that oneThis house is the most beautiful（最高级）of allHe is the most cunning man I ever sawI found the horse the most useful of all还有一种比较方法，即往下比，表示“较不”，“最不”，这时可以分别在形容词前加less或least。由less构成的比较级称为较低级（Comparative of Inferiority），以least构成的最高级称为最低级（Superlative of Inferiority）：This house is less beautiful（不如美） than yoursHe is a less cunning man than his brotherThis house is the least beautiful（最不美） of allHe is the least cunning man thatI ever saw副词也可以同样方式进行比较：John ran fastfaster thanIthe fastest of allHe writes carefullymore carefully thanIthe most carefully in class无法比较的形容词与副词 大多数品质形容词都可进行比较，但某些形容词是绝对的，无法比较的。我们可以说 nearly perfect，quite empty，almost dead，但不能说more perfect，emptier，most dead，也不能说This is rounder than that下面是一些无法比较的形容词：Absolute，chief，main，principal，complete，perfect，ideal，ex-cellent，supreme，unanimous，universal，whole，full，final，entire，ultimate，utter，uttermost，omnipotent，everlasting，eternal，fundamental，basic，primary，first，preliminary，u-nique，sole，allseeing，allknowing（还有其他由all-构成的合成词，以及形式上不是最高级而意义上都是最高级的形容词）Homeless，harmless，fatherless，meaningless，illiterate，im-mortal，impossible，illegal，inevitable，invaluable，infinite，unendurable，unskilled，unripe（还有许多其他带有否定前缀或后缀的形容词，如由-less，ill，in-，im，un-等构成的形容词）Contemporary，simultaneous，chaste，true，false，sufficient，e-qual，major，minor，dead，mortal，wooden，round，empty，void，sea-blue，etcSome，any，all，no，every（及其他指示形容词）Monkey（例如 monkey business），child（ as in child care），home（as in home work）（和许多其他可用作形容词的名词）不过，像monkeyish，homely和 childish这样的正规形容词可以比较。）和某些形容词一样，某些副词也是不能比较的：Now，yesterday，presently，eternally（时间）Here，upward，down，away（地点）Negatively，absolutely，universally，infinitely（及许多由不可比较形容词构成的副词）（方式）有些似不能比的形容词，偶尔也有比较的形式，如 fuller，purer，more correct，more perfect，most ideal，most complete，lessequal，less empty，甚至一些优秀作家也这样用。比较级和最高级的构成法A形容词单音节形容词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成其比较级和最高级：但在加词尾时要注意：1）一般加-er，est：tall taller tallestbold bolder boldestkindkinder kindestgreat greater greatest2）以-e结尾的词，只加-r和-st：largelarger largestwise wiser wisestfine finerfinestwhite whiter whitest3）“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字”（简称CVC）构成的词，末尾字母要双写，再加-er和-est：hot hotter hottestthin thinner thinnestflat flatter flattestbig bigger biggest下面单音节形容词，用加more和most 构成比较级和最高级比加-er和-est的时候多：real just fulllike right French393 下面形容词既可以加词尾的方式构成比较级和最高级，也可加more，most构成（如 truer，truest； more true，most true），但用加词尾方式构成时更多一些：drunk keen calm mildglad cross plain palefrank free huge vaguefond scarce prompt sound下述双音节形容词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级：1）以y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加词尾，如happy，happier，happiest：happy angry dingy naughtylikely lucky misty stormylively kingly timely beastly这种形容词偶尔也可以加more，most的方式构成比较级和最高级，如more misty，most misty； more lucky，mostlucky。但有些只能以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级，如cleanly，kindly，lowly2）以-er结尾的词，如 tenderer，tenderest：tender bitter clever（Eager，sober，slender也可加more，most方式构成）3）以ow 结尾的词，如 shallower，shallowest：yellow narrow hollow shallow4）以-le结尾的词，如 simplef，simplest：idle feeble subtle gentlenoble able supple（Ample，humble，brittle，nimble，stable，agile，motile，senile，等，也可加 more，most）5）重音在第二音节的词，如 pol ter p+l it+r，politestp+l itist。pol te sevre intnse obscreprofund remte div ne prec semore or most ant que，grotsque，chinse；more or mosta fr id，a w re，a lne，a l ke，a p rt，contnt及其他专门用作补语的形容词。6）下述形容词，如 crueler，cruelest：dismal cruel common stupid distinctpleasant quiet profound civil exact（所有这些形容词也可以加 more和 most，只有 cruel除外。）395 上面未提到的双音节词，通常多加more和 most：cautious more cautious most cautiousfoolish more foolish most foolishcheerful more cheerful most cheerfulactive more active most activecharming more charming most charmingcrooked more crooked most crookeddocile more docile most docileconstant more constant most constant396 三音节或更多音节的词通常都加more和most：beautiful more beautiful most beautifulaffable more affable most affabledigestible more digestible most digestiblemalignant more malignant most malignant但加-er和-est的双音节形容词，在加上un-这样否定前缀时，仍保持加-er，est的方式：untidy untidier untidiestunlucky unluckier unluckiestunholy unholier unholiestunhappy unhappier unhappiestimpolite impoliter impolitestignoble ignobler ignoblest397 现在分词和过去分词（起形容词作用的动词），不管有多少音节，都加more和most：现在分词 过去分词interesting interestedastonishing astonisheddiscouraging discouragedtiring tiredcharming charmedshocking shocked398 以-ful，ed，ing，able及-id结尾的词，为了达到某种效果，可以加-er，est，如 cheerfulest wretchedest，cunningest，damnablest，candidest，但这是不规范的。399 如果几个形容词修饰同一名词，它们可以采取一种方式，或全加-er，est或全加more，most：That is a bolder，sordider and horrider wayHe is the meanest，falsest，but cleverest fellow I ever haveknownHe may be the most proud，most free，most energetic andmost enterprising man in our city在这种情况下，如果两种方式都用，可以前面加-er，est，后面加more，most：He is the merriest，cleverest，most intelligent，most courageous of my friends有时只在第一个形容词前加more，most，后面形容词前都不再加什么：He may be the most proud，free，and energetic（=most proud ，most free and most energetic） man in the cityThe road is more rugged，muddy and hilly than any others总之，上述规律一般是有效的，但并不是十分严格的。它们可能受音韵、个人喜好及其他因素的影响。还有一些形容词有不规则的比较形式：good（well） better bestbad（ill，evil） worse worstmany（much） more mostlittle less（lesser） leastold older（elder） oldest（eldest）late later（latter） latest（last）far farther（further） farthest（furthest）near nearer nearest（next）下面主要表示空间的词，只在后面加-er，及加-most，原级词除hind外都是副词。但这种比较级不能和than引起的从句一起用。比较级和最高级都只用在名词前作限制性形容词。hind hinder hindmostfore former（过去 foremost（最前的，最早 的，或前者） 的，最重要的）in inner inmost（or innermost）out outer（更外 outmost（or outermost）（离 的，离中心 里面或中心最远的） 较远的）out utter（极为） utmost（or uttermost）（最 大的）up upper upmost（or uppermost）下面的词也表示空间，但不加-est，而只在后面加most，如middle，middlemost；top，topmost；end，endmost：top，bottom，front，back，head，left，right，centre，deep，north，northern某些以-or结尾的词没有原级及最高级。其中五个已失去比较的意义（1）；有九个和to引起的短语一起用，而不和than引起的从句一起用（2）：1）interior，exterior，ulterior，minor，majorThe interior part is of major importance2）senior，junior，superior，inferior，anterior，posterior，prior，previous，subsequentJohn is 5 years senior to Richard，but inferior to him in intelligencePrior（or Previous）to（=before）their marriage，they did not know each other404 合成形容词大多在前面加more及most：foolhardy more foolhardy most foolhardyshortsighted more shortsighted most shortsightedhome-sick more home-sick most home-sickred-hot more red-hot most red-hotplain-spoken more plain-spoken most plainspokenfar-fetched more farfetched most far-fetchedpublicspirited more public-spirited most public-spiritedoutoffashion more outoffashion most outoffashionup-todate more up-todate most up-to-date但若第一个词是大家熟悉的单音节词，则-er或-est都加在这个词的前面。此外，最高级比比较级用得多得多：largesized largersized largest-sizedkindhearted kinderhearted kindesthearteddullwitted dullerwitted dullestwittedfinelooking finerlooking finestlookinghardworking harderworking hardestworkinglonglasting longerlasting longestlastingoldestablished olderestablished oldestestablishedlong-cherished longercherished longestcherishedwideread widerread widestreadwell-known better-known bestknownwell-behaved betterbehaved bestbehavedsoftspoken softerspoken softestspokenB副词 405 单音节副词和单音节形容词一样，都以加-er，-est的方式构成比较级和最高级：soon sooner soonestlong longer longestlow lower lowestloud louder loudesthard harder hardest406 双音节副词，特别是以-ly结尾的，大多加 more和most：wisely more wisely most wiselyskilfully more skilfully most skilfullysuddenly more suddenly most suddenlybeautifully more beautifully most beautifully（例外情况：seldom，seldomer，seldomest；early，earlier，earliest；often，oftener，oftenest）407 在口语中，形容词的比较级有时可用作副词，尽管原级不能这样用：He talks cleverer（more cleverly）than IWe must look closer（=more closely）to see all the detailsHe explained it clearer（=more clearly） than IHe ran quicker（more quickly）Please walk slower（=more slowly）He handles matters cleverer（=more cleverly）than you thinkHe can write easier（more easily） than IEasier said than doneHe talks the cleverst（=most cleverly） of allHe explained it the clearest（=most clearly） of allI lived happiest（=most happily） in 1965408 不规则副词有特殊的比较级及最高级：near nearer nearest（next）far farther（further） farthest（furthest） farthermore（fur farthermost（fur thermore） thermost）well better bestill（badly） worse worstmuch more mostlittle less leastlate later（latterly） latest（last）某些比较级与最高级的用法 410 某些不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级可能有原级所没有的特殊意义：Elder及eldest只用在表示兄弟姐妹及子女的名词前。Older及oldest可以和任何名词一起用，用于各种位置。Elder，eldest及older和oldest的反义词为younger和youngest：John is older than RichardHis oldest house lies on the opposite sideHe is my elder brother（可说 older brother美国用法）The eldest son died last yearShe is the elder of the twoHe is an elder（=old and respectable）statesman（特殊用法）411 Nearest表示“最近的”，next表示“紧挨着的”或“下一个”：This is the nearest post-office to our schoolWho of you lives nearest to MrLee？He is my nearest（dearest） relationIt is a subject nearest to his heartHe lives next to my houseThe next chapter is on musicThe next best thing to do is to wait and seeHe sat next to me （=by my side）He lives next doorI dont like people next doorHis reply is next door to（=almost） a refusalCome next Monday（下星期一）He came the next（= the following）Monday（之后的星期一）412 More，Most 的用法：What is more（more important），he is very illDo it once more（once again）I shall not go any more（go no more）Life is getting more and more（越来越） difficultHe has studied English ten years，more or less（大致）Most（ The majority of） students are not interested in mathematicsThese people are for the most part（mostly，on the whole）ignorant and stubbornWe have to make the most of（充分利用） what we haveIt is a most（very） easy job413 Better，Best的用法：He sold the better（=greater） part of his estateHe must speak with his better half（wife）（口语用法）I know better than to（am wise or experienced enough not to） hurt her feelingsHe says he is honest，but I know better（=I dont think so）I have been waiting for the best part of a day（almost all day）414 Less表示“比较少的”，可用在不可数名词前面或另一位置；Lesser表示“次要的”，只可用在可数名词前面：He has less money and less confidence than his brotherHe has less trouble（but fewer troubles） than last yearI have less chance（but fewer chances） than heWe have less students（不规范用法） this yearHe is less than sixtyCan I have a bit less noise？His salary is less than 300We have to choose the lesser evil of the twoWe have many lesser things to doHe got a lesser share415 Farther和 further都表示距离（更远），但只有 further可表示“进一步”，“更多的”：It is dangerous to go farther（or further）There is a mirror at the farther（or further） endHe went to the farther side of the river（or the road，the sea）Wait till further（不用 farther）noticeLet us discuss it further（不用 farther）Further（=Furthermore），we must have a guideWe try to further（=promote）（作动词）research work416 Latter，Later，Latest，Last的用法：She learns shorthand and dancing，but the former（=shorthand） seems harder to her than the latter（=dancing）He died in the latter（=second）half（or part） of this yearRichard is waiting for his latter end（=death） and he has been unhappy in his latter days（= the days before his death）Dont ask meYoull learn it later（= afterwards）A month later they were divorcedThe latest（= most recent）news is badThe latest edition was published two years agoHis last（= final） work was published in 1700The last three years of his career were remarkableHe came last（=previous） Monday（or on Monday last）I have received your last（most recent）letter（口语用法）He spent his last（=only remaining） dollarRebellion will be their last remedyI am the last man（=not the man） to cheatIt is the last thing（=not the thing） I want to seeMarriage is of the last（utmost）importance to meSure，this job is difficult in the last degree3个级别总论 417 形容词和副词的比较，由于结构几乎相同，在这里将一起讨论：John is as diligent（形容词）as RichardJohn works as diligently（副词） as RichardJohn is more diligent（形容词） than RichardJohn works more diligently（副词）than RichardJohn is the most diligent（形容词） of allJohn works the most diligently（副词） of all418 原级可以单独使用1），也可和 as引出的从句一起用 2），从句中如果意思明显，有时一部分词可以省略3），或是全部省略4）：1）He is honestHe treats people honestly2）He is not so honestas he is intelligent3）He treats people as honestlyas his brother（treats people）4）I stand five foot，but he is not so tall（as I am tall）419 比较级（包括前面加 less的形容词或副词）通常都和than引起的从句一起用1），如果意思明显，从句中一部分词可以省略2），或是全部省略3）：1）His brother speaks English betterthan I speak Japanese2）His brother is less honestthan he（is honest）3）Nobody is more honest（than this man）You cannot find anyone better（than this man）I have never been more hungry（than this time）420 最高级多和一个表示比较范围的词、短语或从句一起用，如果意思明显，这部分也可省略：His brother is the most honest man today（or in this city，I ever saw）421 和普通的形容词和副词一样，比较级和最高级也可放在几个位置：The businessman is a cleverer（限制性，放在名词前面） man than the peasantHe is cleverer（作补语） than anyone elseCleverer（解释性定语） than anyone，he grew richHe is the cleverest man of allHe is the cleverest in this areaThe cleverest in this area，he grew richMore quickly than one expected，he agreed422 比较级可有一个副词或副词短语修饰，表示程度或方式：There is a yet harder problemA still more dangerous enemy is lurking behindHe grew angrier stillThis is much（or far，greatly，decidedly，inconceivably，even，a lot，by far，a great deal，many times，seven times，slightly，somewhat，a little，a bit，little）better than thatToo much reading makes me all the（=even） more stupidTake more rest and youll get well all the soonerThat is all the prettier this flower grows（= This flower cant grow prettier than that）（不规范用法）Thats all t