经济金融常用术语.doc

经济金融常用术语宏观经济macroeconomy计划经济plannedeconomy指令性计划mandatoryplan指导性计划guidanceplan社会主义市场经济（中国）socialistmarketeconomy社会市场经济（德国）socialmarketeconomy新经济（美国）neweconomy知识经济knowledge-basedeconomy网络经济Internet-basednetworkedeconomy信息时代informationage全球化globalization（全球境globality）信息经济ITeconomy外向型经济export-orientedeconomy实体经济therealeconomy经济规律lawsofeconomics市场调节marketregulation优化资源配置optimizeallocationofresources规模经营优势advantageofeconomiesofscale劳动密集型laborintensive技术密集型technologyintensive大规模生产massproduction新凯恩思主义newKeynesian货币主义者monetarist供给学派supply-sideeconomist第一产业（农业）agriculture(primaryindustry)第二产业（工业）manufacturingindustry(secondaryindustry)第三产业（服务业）serviceindustry(tertiaryindustry)主要经济指标majoreconomicindicators国内生产总值GDPgrossdomesticproduct（商品和劳务币值总和，不包括海收收入支出）国民生产总值GNPgrossnationalproduct（商品和劳务币值总和，包括海外收入支出）人均国内生产总值GDPpercapita实际增长率growthrateinrealterms年均增长率averagegrowthrateperannum投资回报率rateofreturnoninvestment外贸进出口总额totalforeigntradevalue实际利用外资incomingoverseascapital(investment)inplace消费价格指数consumerpriceindex(CPI)零售价格指数retailpriceindex（RPI）生活费用价格总指数totalpriceindexoflivingcost生活费用incomeavailableforlivingexpenses扣除物价因素inrealterms/oninflation-adjustedbasis居民储蓄存款residentsbanksavingsdeposit恩格尔系数（食品开支占总支出的比例）Engelcoefficient基尼系数（衡量地区差别）Ginicoefficient购买力平价法purchasingpowerparity(PPP)（衡量使用不同货币的两个国家或地区的经济水平、收入水平的一种计算法，用相等的汇率比较两种货币各自的国内购买力）片面追求发展速度excessivepursuitofgrowth泡沫经济bubbleeconomy经济过热overheatingofeconomy通货膨胀inflation不景气slump（衰退recession）通货紧缩deflation中国现代化建设分三步走的战略thethree-stepdevelopmentstrategyofChinasmodernizationdrive第一步，到1990年国民生产总值比1980年翻一番StepOne:GDPof1990doublesthatof1980.第二步，到2000年人均国民生产总值比1980年翻两番，人民生活达到小康水平StepTwo:GDPof2000quadruplesthatof1980;peopleliveafairlycomfortablelife.第三步，到21世纪中期建国100周年时，达到中等发达国家水平StepThree:Bytheyear2049,the100thanniversaryoftheP.R.C.,Chinaslevelofdevelopmentisexpectedtobeonparwiththemid-rankingdevelopedcountries即将加入世贸组织expectedentry(accession)intheWTO与世界经济的联系将更加紧密bemorecloselylinkedtotheworldeconomy中国巨大的市场潜力将逐步转化为现实的购买力ThehugemarketpotentialthatChinaenjoyswillbeturnedintotangiblepurchasingpower.适应市场经济需要的法律法规体系还不够健全Theregulatoryandlegalsystemisnotwellestablishedastoadapttothedemandofmarketeconomy.经济管理体制可能会出现一些不适应Theeconomicmanagementsystemmaynotbereadilyadaptedtothechanges.一些行业和企业可能会受到冲击Somesectorsofeconomyandsomebusinessesmaybeadverselyaffected.立足中国国情，发挥自身优势proceedfromnationalconditionsinChinaandbringouradvantagesintoplay扬长避短，趋利避害，迎接经济全球化的挑战fosterstrengthsandcircumventweaknessesandrisetothechallengeofeconomicglobalization瓶颈制约bottleneckconstraints放权让利decentralizationandinterestconcessions(inlate1980sandearly1990s)深化改革intensifyreform;deepenonescommitmenttoreform配套改革supporting(concomitant)reforms配套资金counterpartfunds;localfundingof提高经济效益improveeconomicperformance;increaseeconomicreturns讲求社会效益valuecontributiontosociety;payattentiontosocialeffect加速国民经济信息化developinformation-basedeconomyaccelerateITapplicationineconomy拉动经济增长fueleconomicgrowth利改税substitutionoftaxpaymentforprofitdelivery费改税transformadministrativefeesintotaxes债转股debt-to-equityswap头寸宽裕（头寸紧缺）inaneasyposition(tightposition)朝阳产业sunriseindustry招标投标制thesystemofpublicbiddingforproject充分发挥货币政策的作用givefullplaytotheroleofmonetarypolicy实施积极的财政政策followapro-activefiscalpolicy向银行增发国债，扩大投资Thegovernmentissuedadditionaltreasurybondstobankstoincreaseinvestment.再注资recapitalization放松银根toeasemonetarypolicy(收紧银根tightenupmonetarypolicy)适度从紧的财政政策moderatelytightfiscalpolicy信用紧缩creditcrunch加强国有商业银行内部资金调度Instatecommercialbanks,internalcapitalallocationshouldbeimproved.合理划分贷款审批权限Limitsofauthorityforexaminingandapprovingloansshouldberationallydefined.保证有市场、有效益、守信用企业的流动资金贷款ensurefloatingcapitalloansforwell-performingandtrustworthyenterpriseswhichturnouttherightproductsfortherightmarkets启动民间投资attractinvestmentfromtheprivatesector适销对路的产品therightproducts/readilymarketableproducts国有企业state-ownedenterprises(SOEs)集体企业collectively-owned(partnership)enterprises私营企业privatebusinesses民营企业privately-runbusinesses中小企业small-and-medium-sizedenterprises三资企业（中外合资、中外合作、外商独资）overseas-investedenterprises;foreign-investedenterprises(Chinese-overseasequityjointventures,Chinese-overseascontractualjointventures,whollyforeign-ownedenterprises)存款保证金guarantymoneyfordeposits货币回笼withdrawalofcurrencyfromcirculation吸收游资absorbidlefund经常性贷款commerciallending经常性支出operatingexpenses再贷款re-lending;subloan支持国有大型企业和高新技术企业上市融资supportlargestate-ownedenterprisesandhighandinnovativetechnologycompaniesintheireffortstoseekfinancingbylistingonthestockmarket改制上市Anenterpriseisre-organizedaccordingtomoderncorporatesystemsothatitwillgetlistedonthestockmarket.进一步规范和发展证券市场furtherstandardizeanddevelopthesecuritiesmarket增加直接融资比重increasetheproportionofdirectfinancing完善股票发行上市制度improvethesystemforIPOandlistingonstockmarkets中国证监会ChinaSecuritiesRegulatoryCommission(CSRC)深圳证券交易所市ShenzhenStockExchange上海证券交易所ShanghaiStockExchange综合指数compositeindex（美国）纳斯达克（高技术企业板）NASDAQ（NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotation主板市场themainboard二板市场thesecondboardmarket中国创业板ChinaGrowthEnterpriseMarket首次上市IPOs(initialpublicoffering)市场资本总额marketcapitalization法人股institutionalshares内部股（非上市招股）privatecompanyshares“牛”市bullmarket抛售bearsales疲软股票softstock配股allotmentofshares内部审计internalaudit互助基金mutualfund扩大内需expanddomesticdemand改善居民心理预期inspirethegeneralpublicsconfidenceinthefutureneeds鼓励增加即期消费encouragemoreimmediateconsumption长期国债long-termtreasurybonds支付国债利息toservicetreasurybonds财政赤字和债务deficitsandthenationaldebt按原口径计算calculateonthebaseline按不变价格计算calculateatconstantprice按可比价格计算calculateatcomparableprice列入财政预算支出listedinthefiscalbudget结售汇制度thesystemofexchange,settlementandsales经常项目顺差favorablebalanceofcurrentaccount,surplusofcurrentaccount开办人民币业务engageinRrenminbi(RMB)business出口退税制度thesystemofrefundingtaxesonexportedgoods保证金台帐制度Depositaccountsystemforprocessingtrade分期付款installmentpayment保值储蓄inflation-proofbanksavings抵押贷款collateralisedloans住房抵押贷款residentialmortgageloan经济林cashtree跟踪审计follow-upauditing配套政策supportingpolicies广义货币M2（狭义货币M1）中国人民银行（中央银行）ThePeoplesBankofChina（centralbank）四大国有商业银行4majorstate-ownedcommercialbanks中国银行Bankofchina中国工商银行IndustrialandCommercialBankofChina（）and中国建设银行ConstructionBankofChina中国农业银行AgriculturalBankofChina招商银行ChinaMerchantsBank中国光大银行EverbrightBankofChina中国民声银行ChinaMinshengBankingCorporationLtd.中信实业银行CITICIndustrialBank政策性银行statepolicy-relatedbank国家发展银行StateDevelopmentBank中国进出口银行ChinaEXIMBank（香港英资）汇丰银行HongKongandShanghaiBankingCorporation(HKSBC)金融监管financialsupervision中国人民银行法LawofthePeoplesBankofChina商业银行法LawofCommercialBanks保险法LawofInsurance证券法LawofSecurities巴塞尔原则BaselCorePrinciples监管对象的行为有问题、管理机制不健全problemsofsupervisedentitiesbehaviorandtheunsoundinternalgovernancemechanism风险意识consciousnessofriskprevention事前监管proactiveregulationandsupervision风险管理riskmanagement坚持严格的贷款标准maintainstrongunderwritingstandards六大风险risksin6keyareas(U.S.FederalReservecriterion)信用风险creditrisk/市场风险marketrisk/流动性风险liquidityrisk操作风险operationalrisk/法律风险legalrisk/信誉风险reputationalrisk风险评级riskrating到期不还贷defaultonaloan资不抵债insolvency;beinsolvent亚洲金融危机Asianfinancialcrisis(1997-98)（人行）9个跨省（区）分行代替31个省级分行9regionalbranches(ofPBC)replaced31provincialones投资（贷款）组合investment(loan)portfolio外汇储备充足sufficientforeigne