高考英语 321精品系列 专题22 阅读理解 科普知识.doc

3年高考2年模拟1年原创专题22 阅读理解科普知识（教师版）【考点定位】 2013考纲解读和近几年考点分布高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐而科普类文章往往具有跨学科行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握【试题特点】 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象 贴近学生的学习生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析解决实际问题的能力 (4)科学方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。【考点pk】 名师考点透析考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问1.which of the following statements is(not) true/correct?2.which of the following is not mentioned?3.all of the following are true except.4.according to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.？1.直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：a giant dam was built many years ago to control the colorado river in the u.s.this dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.this huge dam is in the black canyon.it is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.this dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.the elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.there is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from new york to san francisco.thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.this huge dam was called boulder dam when it was finished in 1936.later it was renamed hoover dam in honor of a president of the united states.hoover dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of arizona and nevada.q：hoover dam lies_ .a.between arizona and nevadab.in the black canyonc.between new york and san franciscod.both a and b【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是d项。2.间接事实题 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。invited by mr.ye huixian，host of the well-received tv programme“stars tonight”，miss luo lin，miss asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the shanghai tv screen last sunday.born in shanghai and taken to hongkong when she was only six years old，luo lin has never dreamed of being miss asia.her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in cathay airline for seven years.however， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the asia tv station.“its really a hard job for me.i wont enter for such competition any more.anyhow，i am quite lucky.i am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since i won the title.this time，in shanghai，id love to make a deep impression on my tv audience，”said luo lin with a sweet smile.q：which of the following is not true?a.luo lin is a native of shanghai.b.luo lin moved to hongkong with her parents.c.luo lin won the title of miss asia in 1991.d.asia tv station helped luo lin to become miss asia.【解析】a、c和d项都可在原文找到答案，而b项原文所给的是：taken to hongkong可判断不是moved to hongkong with her parents，因此选b。 3、数据推算。if you register both the view qualification course and the forum at the same time,you will save_ .二、此类题的设问方式1.what would be the best title for the text?2.what does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.what is the passage mainly about?4.the main purpose of announcing the above events is_.考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.we can infer from the passage that_.2.what can be inferred from the passage?3.which of the following can be inferred from the passage?4.it can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.5.the author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.the writer implies that_.7.it can be inferred that_.8.it can be concluded from the passage that_.9.on the whole,we can conclude that_.10.from the text we can conclude that_.11.after reading the passage we may conclude that_.12.what conclusion can be drawn from the passage?13.the author is inclined to think that_.14.when the writer talks about,what he really means is that_.15.whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.in the writers opinion,.考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有1.the word “.”in line.means/can be replaced by.2.as used in the passage,the phrase “.”suggests.3.from the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “.” is/referred to.4.the word “.” is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1.定义法。如:annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火”。it will be very hard but also very brittlethat is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。the herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。2.同位法。如:they traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。we are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。3.对比法。如:she is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.but the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：the lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.sometimes the weakness was permanent.so the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。 【三年高考】 10、11 、12高考试题及其解析2012高考英语试题科普知识类 2012浙江卷 bmost people inside a soap bubblelongest ears on a dogmost living generationsdid you ever wonder what is the guinness world record for most living generations in one family? seven is the answer.the ultimate authority on recordbreaking mentions on the website that the youngest greatgreatgreatgreat grandparent of this family was augusta bung “aged 109 years 97 days, followed by her daughter aged 89, her granddaughter aged 70, her great granddaughter aged 52, her greatgreat granddaughter aged 33 and her greatgreatgreat granddaughter aged 15 on the birth of her greatgreatgreatgreat grandson on january 21, 1989”most tshirts worn at onceheaviest pumpkin46why is kenichi ito described as a man with a “super power”？ahe set a good example to all japanese.bhe made record attempts in 15 different countries.che set a new record for “fastest 100 m running on all fours”dhe participated in the 2008 guinness world records day activities.47jeffries is the name of _.athe owner of the dog with the longest earsbthe grandfather of the dog with the longest earscthe present holder of the record for “longest ears on a dog”dthe former holder of the record for “longest ears on a dog”48how many tshirts had krunoslav budiseli put on before he felt it difficult to go on?a68. b120. c238. d245.49according to the given information, which guinness world record was most recently set?athe record for “most people inside a soap bubble”bthe record for “most living generations”cthe record for “most tshirts worn at once”dthe record for “heaviest pumpkin”【解题导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要向读者介绍6个不同寻常的吉尼斯世界纪录的情况。46. c细节理解题。从第一则纪录中提到的he is just anothersuper powerskenichi ito ran 100 m on all fours知，kenichi ito创造了最新的最快的100米“四肢爬”纪录，所以选c项。47. d细节理解题。从文章第三则纪录中mr. jeffries is the previous record holder of this title可以知道，mr. jeffries是前纪录保持者，所以选d项。48. b细节理解题。从第五则纪录中the tshirts weighed 68 kg and budiseli said he began struggling around tshirt no. 120可以知道budiseli在穿了120件t恤后感觉有点困难再穿上t恤了，所以选b项。 2012四川卷 eplants are flowering faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say.increased carbon dioxide(co2)in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.“predicting species reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology，” said the researchers of several us. universities. they said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.the study, published on the nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. it found that some experiments had underestimated(低估) the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.“across all species, the experiments underpredicted the speed of the advancefor both leafing and floweringthat results from temperature increases，” the study said.the design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said.plants are necessary for life on the earth. they are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis(光合作用)to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. they let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.scientists believe the worlds average temperature has risen by about 0.8 since 1900, and nearly 0.2 every ten years since 1979.so far, efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planetwarming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the earth heating up beyond 2 this centurya point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.57. what is the key information the author wants to give in paragraph 1?aplants reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems.bthe increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists expectation.cclimate change leads to the change of food production patterns.dfood chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.58. we can learn from the study published on the nature website that _.aplants flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafingbthere are 1,634 plant species on the four continentscscientists should improve the design of the experimentsdthe experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change59. scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because_.athey can prove the climate change clearlybthey are very important in the food chainscthey play a leading role in reducing global warmingdthey are growing and flowering much faster than before60. what can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the worlds temperature?ait has risen nearly 0.2 since 1979.bits change will lead to weather extremes.cit is 0.8 higher in 1979 than that of 1900.dit needs to be controlled within 2 in this century.59. b细节理解题。根据第四段“they said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.”可知植物对气候变化的反应对整个食物链和生态系统都至关重要。故答案选b。60. d推理判断题。从倒数第二段“has risen by about 0.8 since 1900, and nearly 0.2 every ten years since 1979.”可知a、c项错误；从最后一段叙述可知，如果本世纪地球变暖超过2，便会出现weather extremes。暗示我们这个世纪地球温度的上升需要控制在2的范围之内。故答案选d。 2012山东卷 dfor those who are tired of doing the laundry, samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application). strange though it may seem“my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the consumer electronics show(ces)this weeksamsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install(安装)a large number of internetconnected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. this year, its wifienabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad. the washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. the phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus. samsung says its not just something newthe app connection actually has some practical uses. “if you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，” said spokesperson amy schmidt. the company also says that with electricity rates(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money. perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies doenable laziness. rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching tv.72. what can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the ces?a. the machine will be a big success.b. their wives like doing the laundry.c. the machine is unrelated to their lift.d. this kind of technology is familiar to them. 73. what can we learn about the new laundry machines?a. they can tell you when your clothes need washing.b. they can be controlled with a smartphone.c. they are difficult to operate.d. they are sold at a low price. 74. we can conclude from samsungs statements that _. a. the app connection makes life easierb. it is better to dry clothes in the morningc. smartphones can shorten the drying timed. we should refresh clothes back at home75. what is the main idea of the last paragraph?a. the laundry should be frequently checked.b. lazy people like using such machines.c. good technologies also cause problems.d. television may help do the laundry. 2012全国卷 byou may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. you do not need to be strong. but you need to be quick. and you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.first, you must ask yourself，“where is the wind coming from? is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side？” you must think about this all the time on the boat. the wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.lets start with the wind blowing from behind. this means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. it should be at a 90angle(角度)to the boat. then it will catch the wind best.if the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. in this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. it should be at a 45angle to the boat. it needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldnt flap(摆动)it shouldnt look like a flag on a flagpole. if it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.sailing into the wind is not possible. if you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. you may want to go in that direction. it is possible, but you cant go in a straight line. you must go first in one direction and then in another. this is called tacking. when you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.45. what should you consider first while sailing?asailors strength. bwave levels.cwind directions. dsize of sails.46what does the word “it” underlined in paragraph 4 refer to?athe boat. bthe wind.cthe sail. dthe angle.47what do you have to do when sailing against the wind?amove in a straight line.ballow the sail to flap.clower the sail.dtack the boat.48where can you probably find the text?ain a popular magazine.bin a tourist guidebook.cin a physics textbook.din an official report.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了航行中关于风向的问题。首先要考虑风向，然后再根据风是从船的后面，侧面还是前面来确定航行的方法。45. c细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句话“and you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.”和第二段的内容，可知首先要考虑风向的问题。a项是不需要考虑的，b项和d项没有提及。 2012辽宁卷 bastronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the days work. this type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the international space station(iss)iss crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. they work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on earth as much as possible. weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. they can communicate with family and friends by email, internet phone and through private video conferences.while astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. before a mission, the family and friends of each iss crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the earth. during their mission, the crew also receives care packages with cds, books, magazines, photos and letters. and as from early 2010, the int