2013考研英语作文写作技巧.doc

关于 英文的写作.怎样使句子多样化一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外，词汇的运用和句子的处理，也起着决定性作用。句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏 味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列 句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词 短语，以及节缩成分。总之，可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句(1)+2)(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句)(3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) )(4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语)(5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句)(1)和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？最后，看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？(6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training.(7) He felt very uneasy.(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.(b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.(c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.(d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.(e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy.(f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.(g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.(h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.(i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy.(j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas trainging, he felt very uneasy.(k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.(l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外， 其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两款；接着便是并列句(h)。如果 大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g), (h), (j)和(k)这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？增强英语语句表现力的有效方法多年来国家四、六级英语作文考试，作文成绩欠佳的主要原因除了准确性和连贯性差之外，语 句软弱无力也是不容忽略的一个方面。因此在英语写作教学中，如何增强语句表现力的问题必须引起我 们足够的重视，以提高学生写作的表达质量。为此，笔者结合自己的写作教学实践，针对该项技能的训 练提出了一些切实可行的有效做法，供广大英语学习者参考借鉴。一、避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如：Weak: The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab.Revision:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape. (转换为前置定语)Or: The landscape, bare and brown, begged for spring green. (转换为并列结构作后置定 语)2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如：1) Weak: The team members are good players.Revision: The team members play well.2) Weak: One workers plan is the elimination of tardiness.Revision: One workers plan eliminates tardiness.3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。例 如：1) Weak: There is no opportunity for promotion.Revision: No opportunity for promotion exists.2) Weak: Here are the books you ordered.Revision: The books you ordered have arrived.二、多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了。例如：1、Poor: My supervisor went past my desk.Better: My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk.2、Poor: She is a careful shopper.Better: She compares prices and quality.三、尽量运用主动语态。例如：1、Weak: The organization has been supported by charity.Better: Charity has supported the organization.2、Weak: The biscuits were stacked on a plate.Better: Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.四、防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如：1、Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk.Improved: My little sister prefers chocolate milk.2、Wordy: We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations.Improved: We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendation.3、Redundant: We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.Improved: We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.4、Redundant: My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores.Improved: My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores.五、杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如：1、Weak: They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or form.Improved: They will not agree to any of his proposals.2、Weak: I need her financial input before I can guesstimate our expenditures next fall.Improved: I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.写好段落的三个标准首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须 紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)，这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次，一个段落必须有若 干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻 辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对 这三个标准分别加以说明。1. 统一性一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看 下例：Joe and I decided to take the long trip wed always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这 一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出 irrelevant sentences（不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如 果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。2 完整性正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进 一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的 交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work - you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是 a mind in turmoil（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读 者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左 右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对 主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚 了。比如下段：It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you cant swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming Help?3连贯性(coherence)连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两 者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没 有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。1） 意连段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边 想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。A按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine oclock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours - it must have been close to noon - the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four oclock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.本段从 rose（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐(not to miss breakfast, closing at nine oclock)，然后是 close to noon，一直写到这一天结束(By nine-)。B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(from a distance)写起，然后get closer，再到( ten feet away)，最后是 inside the pagoda当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及 近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从not need much skill或 of little importance到 more important，最后是 most important。b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement）If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesnt know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A - the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that sanguine and sanguinary mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.这一段谈的是a writers carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通 过5个 perhaps加以例证。c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across strangers feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句 才下结论。2） 形连行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承 上启下的词语：Walters goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies - in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases)，另一种 是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, bothand, consequently, and, finally.后 者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇 105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌 握好transitions不仅对行文的流畅(smoothness)有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所 要求的120个词也是不无好处的。一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.我们看下面一个例子： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的it之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语.这样，文中出 现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就 成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences4 有损连贯性的几种情况：考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：1）不必要的改变时态，比如：In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.2）不必要的改变单复数，比如：Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.3）不必要的改变人称，比如：Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their childrens activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family likeit so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。写作三步曲小结引导段1、主题句必须是可辩论的，不能是说事实，而是说观点。Theme Statement全文的主题句2、主题句的位置最好在第一段的最后一句。支撑段1、每段只能有一个意思。这点挺重要的，别和中文一样留个尾巴给下一段，嘿嘿。2、主题句支撑句? Topic Sentence段落的中心句3、主题句不能定得太宽，也不能才窄。原因大概是1吧，说不完或者没有支持的主题句是不能接受的。4、不能有任何无法用来展开论题的多余材料。结束段1、简要重述观点以及证明。2、不要引入任何新的主题。条件：假如无法说清楚的话英文还是很注意逻辑的。学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年1月，2分)2） One mans life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年12 月，6分)这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近 乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考 生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如： man can live happiness， Man is iron, and food is steel., Women are half side sky.。此外，语 言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词 拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是 系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正 确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实 践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法 进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。 若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看: