宾语和宾语补足语.doc

宾语和宾语补足语我们已经讲解了句子的两大主要成分主语和谓语，今天我们继续讲解句子的另外两成分宾语和宾语补足语。英语中，行为动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词；接在及物动词之后，用以补充说明主语工作对象的句子成分即为宾语。以She is singing an English song. 为例，she是主语，及物动词sing作谓语。然而只有主语和谓语，本句显得并不完整，她在唱，究竟在唱什么？加上宾语song，听者才会明白。欲了解详情，我们还要从哪些词可作宾语谈起。一、哪些词可作宾语1名词如：The children (主)are drawing(谓) some pictures(宾) on the blackboard. She(主) loves(谓) her work(宾) because she(主) loves(谓) books(宾). 主谓宾主谓宾2代词如：You(主)must pay for(谓) it(宾). 主谓宾We(主)ve done(谓) that(宾) already. 主谓宾3数词如：How many pigs have they got? They(主)ve(谓) got only one(宾). How many birds can you see in the picture? I (主)can see eight(宾). 4动名词(短语)如：We(主) started (谓)climbing up(宾) before it was light. I (主)must stop (谓)writing (宾)now.(同上)I (主)enjoy (谓)helping my uncle on the farm(宾).5不定式(短语)如：The doctor(主) wanted (谓)to operate(系). He(主) decided (谓)to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes(宾). They(主) began (谓)to get angry(宾). 6复合结构(即双宾语和宾语补足语)如：I(主) find(谓) it very difficult(宾补). She(主) likes (谓)the children to read newspapers(宾补). She(主) found(谓) him a very good pupil(宾补). Many people(主) gave(谓) him(间宾) presents(直补). 7从句如：The small children(主) did not know(谓) who filled their stockings(宾从). (P. 55, B. 3) They (主)know(谓) that Father Christmas isnt real(宾从). (同上)He(主) asked(谓) whether they needed some more tea(宾从). (宾语从句问题详见下文)8疑问词+不定式。可见第三册88课例句。二、直接宾语和间接宾语一般情况下，当及物动词作谓语(包括一些由不及物动词加介词或副词构成的在功能上相当于及物动词的词组，如take care of，puton等)时，其后的宾语若表示人，称之为间接宾语；若表示物则谓之直接宾语。这两种宾语可以单独存在，在某些句中亦可同时存在。例如：Do English people like boating? 此句主语为English people，谓语是like，boating属一种体育项目，为直接宾语。We call it football. 此句谓语call系及物动词，其后跟两个宾语：直接宾语football，间接宾语it。一个特例值得注意：在cost后只用间接宾语，表示价格的词用作状语。如：How much do they cost? (They(主) cost (谓)me)(间宾) fifty-five yuan(状语).就初中阶段所学知识而言，当直接宾语与间接宾语同在时，常出现在某些及物动词之后，形成固定句型。下面分两部分加以说明。1)在give，show，return，bring，pass，lend，leave(留下)，tell，throw，teach等词之后，形成诸如give sb. sth. give sth. to sb. 之类句型。(teach只用于 teach sb. sth. 当 sth. 为代词 it和them时，只用give sth. to sb. 之类句型)。如：Ill give her the message. =Ill give the message to her. (Show me your) Tickets. = Show your tickets to me. Bring it (to me) tomorrow. Bring me it tomorrow. Could you pass me the salt? = Could you pass the salt to me? They teach us Chinese. They teach Chinese to us. 2)在buy，get，cook，sing等词后，形成诸如buy sb. sth.，buy sth. for sb. (同样sth. 为it和them时也只用buy sth. for sb.)之类句型。如：Could you sing us a song? = Could you sing a song for us? (此问题初中不多见，故例句从略。)EXERCISES:一下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并改正1I like walk. 2Could you get some to me? 3The teacher(主) gives(谓) one of them (直宾)an eraser(间宾). 4Walk along the road and take the fourth turn on the left. 5I am very interested in stamps and watch TV. 6It(主) comes and goes(谓) very quickly(宾). 7Give it to me, please = Give me it. 8English speaks many people. 9Shall I ask the shopkeeper if I can try on it? 10He said that he needed an operate at once.二连词成句，要求句子通顺，语法正确1to, the, wanted, doctor, operate 2Mr Hu, Jim, some work, gave 3will, you, a, give, I, call 4lessons, he, doing, is, in well, his 5it, work, to, difficult, the Great Green Wall, on, was? 参考答案：一、1本句宾语是walk，然而动词能作宾语吗？2在get后直接宾语是some，间接宾语为me，将间接宾语移至直接宾语后，能用介词to吗？3在及物动词后表示主语行为承受者的词是直接宾语；也就是说，“老师给了”，给什么了？直接宾语告诉我们：老师给的不是别的，而是一块橡皮。而表示此行为是对谁或对谁做的，其中的“谁”即为间接宾语；换言之，“老师给一块橡皮”，究竟这块橡皮是给谁的呢？一看间接宾语方知，是给他们中一个的。至此本句错误你能找到了吧！4take是谓语，turn是宾语。turn作动词用指“转、翻”，作名词指“轮流”，既然名词可作宾语，那么take turn作何解，况且初中阶段turn表此意只有Its your turn now. 一句。那么动词又能作宾语，怎样将其化作名词，指“路的转弯处”呢？5be interested in是短语动词，stamps和watch TV均系宾语，但上面刚刚提过动词不能作宾语，因而watch应改为动名词或不定式，那么在介词之后可用动名词还是不定式作宾语呢？6宾语是在及物动词之后的，然而come和go是及物词动吗？very quickly 是副词能作宾语吗？当然副词可作状语，下节详细探讨。7在give sb. sth. 或短语动词(如tryon, turnon等)中，当sth. 为it和them时可置于句尾吗？8按“主谓宾”结构，本句理解为“英语说许多人”是不通的。如果主语与宾语调换，意思即明了了，怎样做？若位置不换，则应理解为“英语被许多人说”，在“英语”作主语情况下，此句怎样改？9参见第6小题。10needed为谓语，an operate为宾语，但动词 operate是动词。怎样使它变成名词以便作宾语呢？二、1连词成句，首先要注意观察每个词，搞清本句所要表达的意思，然后再按“主谓宾”的顺序重新调整词序，就可万无一失。先找本句主语，作主语最多的是名词和代词，看来doctor非它莫属。然后找谓语，动词可作谓语，本句有wanted和 operate两个动词，谁前谁后？一看意思，二看结构功能。即：“医生想要做手术”还是“医生手术想要”？根据意思前者通顺；再看结构功能。即：wanted作谓语，是及物动词，要求后面有什么样的词作宾语？既然operate紧跟其后，就有两种可能：不定式和动名词，依据平时所学知识来分析，wanted需要不定式作宾语，于是主谓宾框架形成了：doctor wanted to operate。the该置于何处？大家知道，the是冠词，可放在名词前。每个词顺序安排好后，再检查一下，看看是否还有词没用上，语法结构是否合理，句意是否通达，确认无误后即大功告成。现在请你做，好吗？2本句可能有两个意思：胡先生给吉姆一些工作或吉姆给胡先生一些工作。哪个合理？3“我将给你打电话”还是“你将给我打电话”，要看你