大学英语语法系列讲座--从句1.doc

大学英语语法系列讲座 从 句中国地质大学（武汉）外语系 许峰 第一节 名词性从句名词性从句是在一个句子中起名词作用的主谓结构，它可以在主从复合句中作主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)、表语和同位语。名词性从句不管在句中起什么作用，都要使用陈述语序。一、主语从句用作主语的从句叫做主语从句(Subject Clause)。主语从句可由that，what，whatever，which，whichever，who，whoever，whom等连接代词和how，when，where，why等连接副词来引导。例1：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。例2：How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。经典考点1：In some countries, is called“equality”does not really mean equal rights for all people.(CET-4,1995年6月)A)which B)one C)that D)what巧解本题应选D。该句中what为关系代词，这里代表“所被称之为平等的东西”，相当于the thing that。全句意思是：所谓的“平等”，在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都有平等的权利。经典考点2： is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.(CET-6，1993年6月) A)It is the sun and not the earth B)Being the sun and not the earthC)The sun and not the earth D)That the sun and not the earth巧解本题应选D。该句中的连词that引导主语从句，它只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，本身无词义。全句意思是：在中世纪，人们很难接受我们行星体系的中心是太阳而不是地球这一观点。注：that引导主 语从句时不能省略，并且为了保持句子的平衡常常后置，而由it作形式主语。例1：It doesnt seem likely that she will be here.她来这里似乎是不太可能的。例2：It happened that I knew his telephone number.碰巧我知道他的电话号码。经典考点1：It is reported that adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.(CET-4，1997年1月)A)the most B)most ofC)most D)the most of巧解本题应选C。该句中的that引导的主语从句用形式主语it置于句首。类似的句型有It is recorded that，It is said that,It should be noted that，It is suggested that,It has been found that等等。全句意思是：据报道，大多数被收养的孩子都想知道他们的生身父母是谁。二、表语从句用作表语的从句叫做表语从句(Predictive Clause)。表语从句通常由that和what引导，但有时也可由how，what，when，where，why等来引导。例1：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。例2：The question is how he did it. 问题在于他是如何做此事的。经典考点1：Output is now six times it was before 1990.(CET-6，1995年1月)A)that B)whatC)that which D)of that巧解本题应选B。该句中的what作关系代词，指“所东西”。在此句中what代指1990年前的产量，同时它引导的是一个表语从句。全句意思是：现在的产量是1990年以前的6倍。经典考点2：Water will continue to be it is todaynext in importance to oxygen.(考研，1992年)A)how B)which C)as D)what巧解本题应选D。该句中what为关系代词，引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。全句意思是：水的重要性将与其现在一样，仅次于氧气。三、同位语从句用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。同位语从句起着对先行词进一步解释说明的作用，通常由that引导，同位语的先行词通常为：appeal,belief,doubt,evidence,fact,hope,idea,likelihood,message,news,order,plan,possibility,promise,reply,proof,proposal,rumor,suggestion,theory,truth等。例1：There is a real danger that Oxford will not retain its world position. 现在牛津大学有保不住它的世界地位的实际危险。例2：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对于你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。经典考点1：The mere fact most people believe nuclear wars would be madness doesnt mean that it will not occur.(CET-4，1997年6月)A)what B)which C)that D)why巧解本题应选C。本题是一主从复合句。主句部分是The mere factdoesnt mean that it will not occur,从句部分是most people believe nuclear wars would be madness，这一从句揭示了fact的内容，两者是一种同位关系。因此从全句结构和意思看，空缺处应填一个连接词，构成名词fact的同位语从句。所以C项that是正确答案。全句意思是：大多数人认为挑起核大战是一种疯狂的行为，仅这一事实并不意味着核大战不可能发生。经典考点2： evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.(CET-4,1999年6月)A)It being B)It is C)There is D)There being巧解本题应选C。分析该题题干可知，句子缺少谓语部分，首先排除A、D两选项。在that引导的从句中，that不做任何成分，只起连接作用，因此是evidence的同位语从句，对evidence作进一步解释说明。根据全句的含义，C答案最恰当。全句意思是：有证据表明，学习语言的能力必须激发。注：同位语从句可用于下列结构中：on condition that the supposition thatwith the exception that in spite the fact thatwith the probabilities that等等。例1：He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near other boys. 他被允许去游泳，条件是要一直与别的男孩在一起。例2：He went to the party in spite of the fact that he was not welcome. 尽管不受欢迎，他还是去参加了那个聚会。四、宾语从句用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句(Object Clause)。1.宾语从句的引导词宾语从句一般用that和what来引导。此时，that只起连接作用，不作句子成分；what既起连接作用，也在从句中作句子成分。另外，how，when，where，which，who，why，whether等也可引导宾语从句。例1：He told us that he felt ill.他告诉我们他感到不舒服。例2：I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否能成功。经典考点1：Although Anna is happy with her success, she wonders will happen to her private life.(CET-4，2000年1月)A)that B)what C)it D)this巧解本题应选B。该句含有一个让步状语从句，主句中又含有宾语从句，wonder后面常接由疑问词what，how，where等引导的宾语从句。根据题意，B为正确答案。全句意思为：虽然安娜对自己的成功感到很高兴，但她想知道她的私人生活将会发生什么。经典考点2：By success I dont mean usually thought of when that word is used.(CET-4，1996年6月)A)what is B)that we C)as you D)all is巧解本题应选A。该句中的宾语从句缺少一个主语，主句动词mean缺少一个宾语。A选项中的what作连接代词，意为“所的东西”，并且is与thought of一起构成从句的谓语，表示被动含义。全句意思为：我说的成功不是使用这个词时通常所想到的涵义。经典考点3：This book will show the readers can be used in other contexts.(CET-6，1996年1月)A)how that they have observed B)that how they have observedC)how what they have observed D)that they have observed巧解本题应选C。该句中how与后面的整个句子一起作为show的间接宾语。what they have observed作为how引导的宾语从句的主语。全句意思是：这本书将要告诉读者怎样把观察到的东西用于其他情境。2.介词后的宾语从句宾语从句亦可用作介词的宾语。例1：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事情感到极为不快。例2：I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。经典考点1：As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think .(CET-4，1997年6月)A)ought to be said B)must sayC)have to be said D)need to say巧解本题应选A。该句中what we think和what is said一样，都是在介词with后面由what引导的宾语从句。在 前一从句中，what是主语，is said是动词的被动语态作谓语；在后一从句中what也是主语，谓语也应用被动语态。也可将后一从句中的we think理解成插入语成分，去掉它，句子同样正确。全句意思是：作为老师，我们关心的应该是学生说了什么，而不是我们自认为的学生应当说些什么。经典考点2：Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy from which most of the present-day sciences arose.(CET-6，1993年6月)A)that B)all C)which D)what巧解本题应选D。在该句中，what used to be called natural philosophy作介词of的宾语从句，what作从句的主语。全句意思是：如今的物理相当于过去人们所称的自然哲学，后者是当今大多数科学学科的基础。注：以that引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语，只有在except, in, but, besides, save等介词后才可使用。例1：Your thesis is quite all right except that the organization is a bit too loose.你的论文挺不错的，只是结构上有些松散。例2：I like the city, but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.我喜欢城市，但更喜欢乡下，因为我在乡下有更多的朋友。经典考点3：Liquids are like solids they have a definite volume.(CET-4，1995年6月)A)with that B)for thatC)in that D)at that巧解本题应选C。该句中in that可以看成是连词引出一个原因，意为“因为，由于”。此外，that还可和其他介词构成搭配，如except that(要不是，但是)，but that(而不是)等等。全句意思是：液体之所以像固体一样是因为液体有一定的体积。五、强调句型结构中的从句that或who用在强调句型It isthat或It iswho中可以对句子的主语、宾语、状语进行强调。例1：It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness. 直到事发生了我才意识到了我的愚蠢。例2：It is its structure that gives leather its permeability to air and water vapor. 正是皮革的结构才使得皮革对空气和水蒸汽具有渗透性。经典考点1：When I try to understand that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.(CET-6，1998年1月)A)why it does B)what it doesC)what it is D)why it is巧解本题应选C。本题属于It isthat的强调结构，强调了prevents的主语部分，由what代替。全句意思是：当我试图搞清是什么使得美国人不像人们想象的那样幸福时，我觉得似乎有两个原因。经典考点2： she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.(CET-4，1990年1月)A)That was from Stephen B)It was Stephen whomC)It was from Stephen that D)It was Stephen that巧解本题应选C。本句是用It wasthat这种强调句型强调句中作状语的短语 from Stephen。全句意思是：她是从斯蒂芬那儿第一次听说被称为专家的那个人。第二节 定语从句用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(Attributive Clause)。定语从句是一个主谓结构，起形容词作用，在主句中修饰或限定前面的先行词(通常是名词或代词，有时也可以是整个主句)。引导定语从句的关系代词有that，which，who，whom，but，as等，关系副词有when，where，why，how等。定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。一、由关系代词引导的定语从句(1)用作关联词的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which等等。who，whom，whose指人，who是主格，在从句中用作主语；whom是宾格，在从句中用作宾语；whose是属格，在从句中用作定语(有时也可指物)。例1：The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在这里的那个人是画家。例2：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤儿。例3：I know the man whom you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。经典考点1：The residents, had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.(CET-4，1993年6月)A)all their homes B)all whose homesC)all of whose homes D)all of their homes巧解本题应选C。本题两个逗号之间显然是一个定语从句，修饰the residents。选项 B和C中都有关系代词whose，可以起连接作用。但是我们可以说all of whose homes，而不能说all whose homes。全句意思是：那些房屋全部被洪水毁坏的居民得到了红十字会的救济。经典考点2：We need a chairman .(CET-4，1998年6月)A)for whom everyone has confidence B)in whom everyone has confidenceC)who everyone has confidence of D)whom everyone has confidence on巧解本题应选B。在该句中的定语从句里，关系代词whom在从句中作介词in的宾语，have confidence in是一固定短语，表示“对有信心”。全句意思是：我们需要一位每个人都信任的主席。(2)as除了作介词和连词外，也可用作关系代词来引导定语从句。as引导非限定性定语从句时可放在句首或句中，代替整句话的含义。as引导限定性定语从句，一般出现在“such+名词+as”结构或“the same+名词+as”结构之中。as在从句中可以用作主语、宾语或表语。例1：He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.他是个外国人，我是从他的口音知道的。例2：He has made such mistakes as cannot be forgiven.他犯了那样一些不能原谅的错误。经典考点1： might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.(CET-4，1996年6月)A)As B)That C)It D)What巧解本题应选A。本题中的as作关系代词引导定语从句，代指后面整个句子的含义，并且在从句中充当主语。全句意思是：正如预计的那样，对于这个问题的答案是很混乱的。经典考点2：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, is often the case in other countries.(CET-4，1998年6月)A)as B)what C)so D)that巧解本题应选A。as作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句，可置于主句之前，也可放在主句之后，代表整个句子的意思。全句意思是：英国人对不同的文化和其他行为方式不太了解，别的国家的人也是常常如此。经典考点3：It wasnt such a good dinner she had promised us.(CET-4，1990年1月)A)that B)which C)as D)what巧解本题应选C。动词promise要求接双宾语，即“答应某人什么”。因此空缺处应填入一个作直接宾语的关系代词，与such连用的关系代词是as，引出的是定语从句，表示前面已经提到过的那类事物。当主句中有such时，也可以用that引导从句，但这时的that是连接词，而不是关系代词，它引出的是表示结果的状语从句。如：She made such a good meal that we all ate far too much.她做的饭菜极为可口，我们都吃得太饱了。全句意思是：这顿饭不像她答应我们的那样可口。(3)but用作关系代词，引导定语从句时，具有否定的含义，相当于who not, that not。在这种情况下，主句中常含有否定词或否定意义的词。例1：There is not a man but was moved to tears. 没有一个人不被感动得流下眼泪来。例2：There are few books but have a misprint or two. 很少有不存在一两处印刷错误的书。经典考点1：There is no rule has exceptions.A)which B)that C)but D)unless巧解本题应选C。but作关系代词引导定语从句时，具有否定的含义。在该句中，but相当于that not,所以该句的意思表示There is no rule that hasnt exceptions。全句意思是：任何一条规则都有例外。(4)多用关系代词that的情况。当all，any，anything，everything，a few，the only one，the one等作定语从句的先行词时，一般用that而不用which引导，that作宾语时常被省略。例1：All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。例2：He knew everything that happened in the village.他知道发生在村里的每一件事。经典考点1：All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.(CET-4，1990年1月)A)what is needed B)the thing needed C)for our needs D)that is needed巧解本题应选D。all在句中作主语，常常后接that引导的定语从句，表示“(全部)只是”。all that可相当于what。全句意思是：(全部)所需要的只是持续不断地供应基本的生活必要品。经典考点2：We finished up everything there was on the table.A)what B)which C)that D)all巧解本题应选C。当定语从句的谓语为there be时，作主语的关系代词常可省略。本题中的定语从句修饰先行词everything,用that引导，该处的that也可省略。全句意思是：我们把餐桌上的饭菜统统都吃光了。当先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词及only，any，no等词修饰时，常用关系代词that引导定语从句。例1：It was the largest map that I ever saw.那是我所看见过的最大的地图。例2：The first thing that we should do now is to work out a plan.我们现在要做的第一件事就是订个计划。经典考点1：This is the best film I have ever seen.A)that B)which C)what D)，that巧解本题应选A。这里的先行词film由最高级best修饰，其后的定语从句只能用关系代词that引导，并且that只能引导限定性定语从句，所以D项“，that”是错误答案。全句意思是：这是我看过的最好的一部电影。(5)由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。详见本人的拙文谈谈“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句时介词的选用标准。例1：The planet on which we live is called the earth. 我们生活在它上面的行星叫做地球。例2：The train in which they were traveling was late. 他们乘的那班火车晚点了。例3：Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other. 声音是一种人们用来交流思想的工具。例4：An element is a substance, the properties of which cannot be changed by any physical means.元素是一种物质，其性质是不能用任何物理的方法加以改变的。例5：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有几千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。例6：He has a large collection of books, many of which are written in English. 他有大量藏书，其中许多是英文书。经典考点1：The goals he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.(CET-4，1990年1月)A)after which B)for which C)with which D)at which巧解本题应选B。由四个选项可知，从空缺处开始到all his life是一个“介词+which”引出的定语从句，which指代goals。在这个从句中，谓语动词是had fought，表示“为而奋斗”时，动词fight与介词for连用，故B正确。全句意思是：他过去一生为之奋斗的目标在他看来似乎已不再重要。经典考点2：Today the public is much concerned about the way .(CET-6，1996年6月)A)nature is being ruined B)which nature is ruinedC)on which to ruin nature D)of nature to be ruined巧解本题应选A。nature is being ruined是一个定语从句，修饰the way, way后面省略了in which，因此这个句子也可以说成：Today the public is much concerned about the way in which nature is being ruined.全句意思是：现在公众对自然界正在遭受的破坏很关注。经典考点3：Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, obtaining water is not the least.(CET-4，1998年1月)A)for which B)to which C)of which D)in which巧解本题应选C。本句中的“of+ which”引出非限定性定语从句，介词of置前。全句意思是：生活在澳大利亚中部沙漠有许多问题，获得水是个最大的问题。经典考点4：The course normally attracts 20 students per year, up to half will be from overseas.(CET-4，1998年6月)A)in which B)for whom C)with which D)of whom巧解本题应选D。本句中of whom引导的是非限定性定语从句，关系代词of whom代替20 students,在从句中作介词of的宾语，从句相当于up to half of the students will be from overseas。全句意思是：这门课正常情况下每年能有20个学生选修，其中一半以上是留学生。经典考点5：Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, have been mentioned in previous pages.(CET-6，1991年6月)A)a few of it B)a few of that C)a few of them D)a few of which巧解本题应选D。本句中的a few of which结构引导非限定性定语从句，相当于a few of the chemical reactions。该结构在从句中作主语。全句意思是：水参与许多化学反应，其中有一部分前面的章节已提到过。经典考点6：The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, could go penniless by next year.(考研，1997年)A)the larger one B)the larger of which C)the largest one D)the largest of which巧解本题应选B。在两者中相比较大的，通常用“the+比较级”结构，后面的of which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰two trust funds,故B项为最佳答案。全句意思是：社会退休保障方案主要依靠两种信托基金，而其中较大的一笔到明年将分文不剩。(6)非限定性定语从句。在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不能用that,关系代词和关系副词都不能省略，主句和从句之间要用逗号隔开。例1：Alexander Bell, who invented the telephone, was an American scientists. 亚历山大贝尔是一名美国人，他发明了电话。例2：Paris, where I lived for two years, is beautiful. 巴黎是很美丽的，我曾在那里生活过两年。经典考点1：I have to book ahead for concerts, are usually held in London.A)that B)what C)which D)they巧解本题应选C。该句中的which引导非限定性定语从句，代替concerts，并在定语从句中作主语。全句意思是：我得预定音乐会的票，这些音乐会通常在伦敦举行。经典考点2：He came back late， which time all the guests had already left.(CET-4，1999年6月)A)after B)by C)at D)during巧解本题应选B。介词by引导的短语表示“到为止”，往往与完成时态连用。该句中的which用作关系代词形容词，which这里代替的是“when he came back late”。全句意思是：他回来晚了，那时所有的客人都已离去了。 which可以引导修饰整个主句的非限定性定语从句，一般对主句的内容作进一步地说明相当于一个并列分句，此时which可用and this代替。另外，which在从句中作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例1：He tore up my photo, which upset me.他把我的照片撕了，这使我很不高兴。例2：He missed the train, which annoyed him much.他没赶上这班火车，这使他很恼火。经典考点1：Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to others, ,of course, made the others jealous.(CET-4，1993年6月)A)who B)that C)what D)which巧解本题应选D。根据全句的意思分析，空缺处填入的连接成分应指代前面整个主句的内容，并且在从句中作主语。A项who,B项that和C项what都不能指代整个主句，所以D项which是正确答案。全句意思是：海伦对最小的孩子比对别的孩子温和得多，这当然使别的孩子妒忌。经典考点2：We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, saves money,of course.(CET-6，1993年6月)A)which B)as C)that D)what巧解本题应选A。全句意思是：我们自己种植水果和蔬菜，这样当然可以省钱。二、由关系副词引导的定语从句当我们选择关系副词引导定语从句时，是因为他们在从句中充当状语，表示时间、地点、原因等。(1)where 作关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面表示地点的先行词。例1：I know of a place where we can swim. 我知道一个我们能游泳的地方。例2：This is the place where we held the meeting yesterday. 这就是我们昨天开会的地方。经典考点1：Air moves from places the pressure is high to places the pressure is low.A)wherewhere B)wherethere C)therewhere D)therethere巧解本题应选A。首先，该句中有一个平行结构from placesto places,因此答案必须在A和D中选择。there不能连接定语从句，所以A项wherewhere是正确答案。该句中的两个定语从句都是用关系副词where引导，并在从句中作地点状语。全句意思是：空气能从气压高的地方流向气压低的地方。(2)when 作关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面表示时间的先行词，在从句中作时间状语。例1：Has he told you the day when he will come? 他来的日期告诉你了吗?例2：We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能转好。经典考点1：You are just the same as you were the day I first met you.(考研,1982年)A)that B)which C)when D)how巧解本题应选C。根据句子的含义，空缺后缺少定语从句，修饰the day。而在定语从句中主、谓、宾齐全，所以选when来引导，when在从句中作时间状语。全句意思是：你与我第一次见到你时的样子完全一样，一点都没变。(3)why作关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面表示原因的先行词，在从句中作原因状语。例1：This is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan.这就是我不赞成修改计划的原因。例2：Do you know the reason why he was late?你知道他迟到的原因吗?经典考点1：The reason Im writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday.A)because B)why C)for D)as巧解本题应选B。该句中关系副词why引导定语从句表示原因，在从句中作原因状语，其先行词往往是reason。全句意思是：我给你写信的原因是要告诉你星期六有个晚会。(4)当先行词为way，day，place，reason等时，还可用关系代词that/which引导，that/which在定语从句中作宾语。要注意和关系副词的比较。例1：This is the place (that) I have long wanted to visit. 这就是我向往已久要参观的地方。例2：December 25 is the day (that)Westeners celebrate as their Christmas Day. 12月25日是西方人庆祝圣诞节的日子。经典考点1：Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place .(CET-4，1999年6月)A)where Id like to visit B)I most want to visitC)in which Id like to visit D)what I want to visit most巧解本题应选B。该句中的关系代词that或which引出定语从句，并在定语从句中作动词visit的宾语，可省略。全句意思是：我从来没有去过北京，但那是我最想去的地方。三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别同位语从句多数由that引导，that只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何的语法成分。而定语从句的关系代词that在句中充当主语或宾语。例1：He told us the news that he heard on broadcast.他告诉了我们他在广播上听到的消息。(定语从句)例2：He told us the news that the Civil War was ended.他告诉我们内战结束的消息。(同位语从句)经典考点1：My suggestion we should stick to our original plan was finally accepted.A)which B)what C)that D)whether巧解本题应选C。首先，我们分析空缺后从句的句子结构，主语是we,宾语是original plan，所以该空缺处的连词只起到连接作用，在句子中不作任何的语法成分。因此，该从句应该是由that引导的同位语从句。全句意思是：我所提出的我们应该坚持原计划的建议终于被接受了。第三节 状语从句用作状语的从句叫做状语从句(Adverbial Clause)。根据其用途，我们可将状语从句分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句九种。一、 时间状语从句时间状语从句表时间，常考的连接词有：when，whenever，as，while，before，after，until，till，since，once，as soon as，the moment，the minute，the first time，every time，等等。例1：When it is dark, the lights of the town go on. 天一黑，城里的灯就亮了。例2：How have you been since I saw you last?自从上次见你以后你一直好吗?例3：Every time I catch a cold, I have a pain in my back.我每次感冒都会背疼。经典考点1：I had just started back for the house to chang