CQMUN学术背景文件(ECOFIN).doc

第三届重庆模拟联合国经济与金融委员会Chongqing Model United Nations 2012ECOFINEconomic and Financial Committee给代表的阅读建议Tips for delegates1.认真阅读背景文件，80%你需要了解的相关背景知识都可以从中找到；2.带着问题去看背景文件，读完之后还没有得到解决的问题就应该由你自己查找得到答案；3.时刻记住自己国家的立场；4.时刻记住所处委员会的职责和权利范围；Sample ResolutionForum：ECOFINTopic A: Eternal Debt and development: towards a durable solution to the debt problems of developing countriesMain submitter: Algeria, Benin, Hungary, Japan, Moldova Co-submitter: Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Colombia, Cuba, Greece, Haiti, Indonesia, Israel, Italy,Turkey, Ukraine The General Assembly ,Recalling all previous resolutions on the provision of a durable solution for external debt problems in developing countries,Recalling also the United Nations Millennium Declaration of September 8th,2008Recalling also the World Summit Outcome during September 14 to 16,2005,Recalling further the G8 Summit Declaration from 2003 to 2005,Welcoming the efforts of the United Nations World Bank ,International Monetary Fund(IMF),World Bank ,and Paris Club to provide financial aid to developing countries,Realizing that economic and social growth overall is stunted in countries affected by high external debt problems, 1.Encourages the World Bank ,and IMF to rethink the list of Highly Indebted Poor Countries(HIPCs)； 2.Reminds the developed Member States to provide financial aid to HIPCs which will also be provided directly in the form of goods ,currency ,and education； 3.Encourages the international organizations and countries giving financial aid to the governments of these developing countries to also require reforms in their economic systems as done by the IMF and World Bank by； a) Encouraging high profitable projects in the developing countries, b) Encouraging also the development of natural resource exploitation within the developing countries；4.Reiterates also the need for international organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) to carefully observe the government usage of money in heavily indebted poor countries recognized by the HIPC program；5.Condiders the creation of an international UN organization to survey the intended loan transfers between governments and deem them reliable or unreliable based on indicators such as natural disasters ,conflicts ,armed revolutions ,changes in trade in global growth；6.Reminds governments and international organizations to cautiously lend out loans based on the form of government ,corruption levels and past actions；7.Encourages all governments and international organizations to provide loans to other governments with an interest rate of less than 7%to prevent increased external debts and liabilities；8.Decides to remain actively involved with the matter.Sample Preambulatory ClausesSource: United Nations Association-USA /munpreparation/resolutions/clauses The preamble of a draft resolution states the reasons for which the committee is addressing t he topic and highlights past international action on the issue. Each clause begins with a present participle (called a preambulatory phrase) and ends with a comma. Preambulatory clauses can include: Affirming Alarmed by ApprovingAware of Bearing in mindBelievingConfidentContemplatingConvincedDeclaringDeeply concernedDeeply consciousDeeply convincedDeeply disturbedDeeply regrettingDesiringEmphasizingExpecting Expressing its appreciationExpressing its satisfactionFulfillingFully alarmedFully awareFully believingFurther deploringFurther recallingGuided byHaving adoptedHaving consideredHaving considered furtherHaving devoted attentionHaving examinedHaving heardHaving receivedHaving studiedKeeping in mindNoting with regretNoting with deep concernNoting with satisfactionNoting furtherNoting with approvalObservingReaffirmingRealizingRecallingRecognizingReferringSeekingTaking into accountTaking into considerationTaking noteViewing with appreciationWelcomingSample Operative ClausesSource: United Nations Association-USA /munpreparation/resolutions/clauses Operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made in a resolution. Each operative clause begins with a verb (called an operative phrase) and ends with a semicolon. Operative clauses should be organized in a logical progression, with each containing a single idea or proposal, and are always numbered. If a clause requires further explanation, bulleted lists set off by letters or roman numerals can also be used. After the last operative clause, the resolution ends in a period. Accepts Affirms Approves Authorizes Calls Calls upon Condemns Confirms Congratulates Considers Declares accordingly Deplores Designates Draws the attention Emphasizes EncouragesEndorsesExpresses its appreciationExpresses its hopeFurther invitesFurther proclaimsFurther remindsFurther recommendsFurther requestsFurther resolvesHas resolvedNotesProclaimsReaffirmsRecommendsRegretsRemindsRequestsSolemnly affirmsStrongly condemnsSupportsTakes note ofTransmitsTrusts决议草案样本委员会：联合国人权理事会议题：国际人口贩卖起草国：意大利、乌克兰附议国：日本、墨西哥、法国、俄罗斯联邦、德国、尼日利亚、沙特阿拉伯、伊拉克、澳大利亚、荷兰、津巴布维、南非、巴西、孟加拉国、委内瑞拉、印度、越南大会，回顾为罪行和滥用权力行为被害人取得公理的基本原则宣言， 注意到联合国人权事务高级专员报告中所载的准则 “保护和支持贩运行为儿童被害人的特别措施”，回顾儿童权利公约，还回顾国际劳工组织 1999 年关于禁止并立即采取行动消除最恶劣童工形式的第 182 号公约，其中禁止强迫或强制任何不满 18 岁的人从事劳动， 回顾大会2000 年 11 月 15 日第 55/25 号决议，其中通过了联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约，特别是联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书，谴责贩运人口是一种令人憎恶的现代奴役形式和一种违反普遍人权的行径， 深切关注正在世界各地发生的跨国有组织集团为各种剥削目的而贩运人口的现象，这些犯罪集团中许多还参与其他形式的非法活动，包括贩运枪支、洗钱、贩毒和腐败， 深感震惊地注意到贩运人口行为在世界多数地区成为日益增多并有利可图的交易，而贫困、武装冲突、不适当的社会和经济状况以及非法劳工和性交易市场的需求等又使这一情况更加恶化， 欢迎会员国特别是来源国、过境国和目的地国努力促使民间社会认识到贩运及其各种形式犯罪的严重性，以及公众在阻止伤害行为和援助贩运行为被害人方面的作用， 1、呼吁已实行或计划实行色情场所合法化的国家，采取措施解决色情场所合法化所引起的人口贩卖色情产业问题。对未计划实行色情场所合法化的国家，请其采取措施打击色情业；2、建议设立管理机构，由国际劳动组织全权监管劳动力合法引入问题，并由亚非拉反人口贩卖区域合作组织协助管理（名称暂定）；3、明确输出原则，劳动力的输出必须严格遵守两条原则：不得通过任何手段干涉某些国家的意愿，所有在该计划中的国家都必须是自愿参与的；4、建议每个国家按照一定的额度输出劳动力，其中4/5的人参与到输入国的各项基本建设当中，为期一年半。剩余1/5的人则作为技术人才接受输入国提供技术训练，训练完毕之后留在输入国工作。所有劳动力在期满之后必须被谴返回国；5、建议被遣返的劳动力在两年半之内不能再参与合法劳动力流动的计划；6、促请各国明确对于劳动力输入国要保证外来劳工在人格和法律上的平等地位，保证其受到尊重不受歧视，承担合理的工作量，但在福利上可根据输入国政策有别于公民所享受的待遇；7、建议在输出国与输入国两地同时设立劳动力登记机构，确定他们在进入输入国之后的住址、工作单位、待遇、个人以及工作单位的联系方式，加强反馈。同时该机构负责劳动力的遣返工作；8、建议适当减免经济水平比较低下且人口贩卖问题严重的发展中国家的部分国际债务，在未来一定的发展时期（视不同国家的发展程度而定，建议范围为5到10年）内向经济发展水平低下的发展中国家提供优惠贷款，给予这些国家以经济发展指引，具体款项建议国与国之间以双边沟通合作的形式开展；9、鼓励发达国家在确保发展中国家领土及主权完整的前提下在发展中国家进行投资设厂，具体市场份额问题建议通过双边洽谈进行沟通得到，企业控股权将由发展中国家掌握；10、促请目的地国在受害者获救后，应立即对其采取必要的安全保护措施：(a)安排其加入政府所制订的证人保护计划的全部或部分计划(b)安排其入住集中的由政府提供妥善安全保障的住所(c)尽力明确受害者的定义并视其受害情况给予相应生活保障；11、建议目的地国在受害者获救后应立即向其提供合适的，安全的，符合该国正常生活条件的物质与精神保障，建立相应的信息交流平台；12、呼吁各国建立健全出入境机制，补全法律上的漏洞，及时解决问题,建议各国加强对执法人员及海关工作人员的培训；13、改善国内弱势群体的经济状况和生活条件，提高女性的社会地位，加强对妇女及儿童人身权利的保障，建议定期主动向联合国及国际社会提交在规定时间内所作一切的努力以及面临的困难的报告；14、普及妇女儿童教育。人口贩卖输出国应在国内普及妇女儿童教育，降低文盲率，增加妇女儿童自我保护意识，以减少上当受骗的机会。序言性条款常用词汇序言性条款主要阐述议题的基本情况和影响，陈述议题的重要性和必要性，回顾已采取过的行动（决议、条约、国际行动、发言、见解等），界定相关概念（关键词、问题核心部分等）。序言性条款每款以一个动词开头。若为中文，则开头动词下加下划线，若为英文，则动词使用现在分词形式，斜体。每款以逗号结尾。序言性条款可以涉及到：联合国宪章、联合国在该问题上曾经通过的决议或条约、联合国秘书长或其它联合国机构就此问题发表过的言辞、地区或非政府组织对此问题的见解、对此问题大致情况及影响的阐述。肯定危险的意识到满意地看到意识到牢记相信认识到自信地看到预示确信声明非常关心深刻地认识到深信深表忧虑遗憾地看到强调着重强调期望赞赏赞扬感谢履行郑重警告完全理解完全相信表示悲痛进一步回顾已经采用考虑到进一步考虑的深刻注意到已经证实已经听闻已经获得研究得到铭记注意到关切地注意到遗憾地注意到满意地注意到明确赞赏地注意到观察到重申回顾认可涉及到要求已经考虑到记录赞赏地观察到欢迎行动性条款常用词汇行动性条款部分是整个决议草案的实质性部分，具体列举了解决问题的措施和建议。行动性条款的每一款表达一个独立且完整的想法。以一个动词开头，中文开头动词下加下划线，英文开头动词使用第三人称单数，斜体。每款以分号结尾，最后一款结尾处用句号结束全文。这些条款应该按照正确的逻辑顺序予以排列并且用阿拉伯数字进行标注。如果某一款需要更进一步的解释，可以在该款下分条款逐一说明，格式不变，用英文字母或罗马数字进行标注。接受肯定批准授权要求呼吁谴责确认祝贺考虑声明哀悼指派关注强调鼓励认可赞赏期望进一步邀请进一步声明进一步强调进一步建议进一步请求进一步决定坚决执行注意到声明重申建议遗憾提醒请求严重确信强烈谴责支持意识到传达相信敦促赞成Topic A: Measures to Promote Economic Participation by Women in LDCsIntroductionThe economic participation of women in less developed countries(LDCs) related to their social and economic status has long been an issue that requires international attention and intervention. The image of the 21st century woman is confident, prosperous, glowing with health and beauty. But for many of the 3.3 billion female occupants of our planet, the perks of the cyber age never arrived. In many LDCs, they continue to feel the age-old lash of violence, repression, isolation, enforced ignorance and discrimination. And all these have stopped women from getting equal access to economic activities.Nowadays, in spite of real progress in womens rights around the globe better laws, political participation, education and income the bedrock problems that have dogged women for centuries remain. With the background like this, we are here to discuss the way for women to promote their economic participation.Background InformationIn many LDCs, a majority of women reside in the most impoverished areas, supporting their households with subsistence farming, raising children, and maintaining their property. Usually, under the inequality of social norms, women are forced to stay far away from economic activities and support their husbands. They are the most exploited and least privileged members of households, overburdened with work from their families but marginalized in regard to the distribution of resources. Their lack of support and privileges isolates them from information resources they would need to make their lives better. Most information resources are located in more advanced regions, which are hard for them to access.In addition to the historical matter and social norms, education, violence, health and political exclusion are also the keys to womens absence in economic activities. Too many complex factors, often rooted in social and cultural norms, continue to hinder the ability of women and girls to achieve their potential and benefit from social advances.1. Education Literacy is one of the best indicators of womens status in their countries. Due to various social and cultural norms in most LDCs women are left uneducated by families. In some cases, women in remote areas are prohibited from receiving education on account of religious or historic matters. In other cases, economic matter is the primal motivation.Poverty in these regions motivates parents to push women into marriage at a young age to save money or gain a dower. Early marriage puts these women at a great disadvantage for life, causing them to be pulled from school at an early age, losing educational opportunities and remaining illiterate. Because of this, the great majority of women in rural areas remain illiterate, which eventually becomes a major obstacle for them in information seeking and job qualification later on. As a result, more men become eligible for employment as they predominates secondary and higher education in these countries. Men are then able to move into salaried positions, acquiring work skills that make them more marketable. Most women are not hired for entry-level jobs as a result of being pulled from school at an early age for an early marriage. Therefore they never receive job skills, training, or experience, impairing their earning capacity.2. Health Early marriage and the lack of family planning services result in early pregnancy and repeated pregnancies. In most impoverished countries one out of ten, or sometimes one out of five, women die in childbirth under the age of 50. Pregnancy is the leading cause of death and depression among these women. Women in these countries have an average of 6-7 children due to lack of contraception and other circumstances. For some women, this motivates unsafe abortions. The high birthrate is partially because of lack of birth control but also because couples feel they need to make up for the high infant mortality rate to ensure they will be supported in their old age.Also, women in these countries are the most vulnerable to diseases. They sometimes even suffer disastrous infection with HIV/AIDS. More importantly, the medical and sanitary conditions in LCDs are always unsatisfactory. The lack of medical equipment, physicians and pharmaceutical supplies puts millions of women in need into disasters every year.3. Violence and other crimes Some countries, often the poorest and most conflict-ridden, have a level of violence that makes life unbearable for women. Even in wealthy countries, there are pockets of private pain where women are unprotected and under attack. Richer ones may burden them with repressive laws, or sweep the problems of the least advantaged under the carpet. When it comes to other crimes, women in involvement of social work are among the most vulnerable. They are faced with rape, human trafficking, robbery and even killing in their daily lives. And because women are the disadvantaged physically and women in LDCs have lower social status than men, they have little to do in front of the crimes. In the tribal border areas of Pakistan, women are gang-raped as punishment for mens crimes. But honor killing is more widespread, and a renewed wave of religious extremism is targeting female politicians, human rights workers and lawyers. 4. Lack of infrastructure The lack of fundamental infrastructure in LDCs makes it such that women are unable to obtain knowledge regarding their welfare. For example, women are unable to consult a doctor regarding birth-control or family planning, as well as in order to check themselves for basic diseases. The fact that they are unable to control the amount of offspring they produce, primarily due to their unfamiliarity with contraception, results in women being restricted to the duties associated with the cultivation of large familys with over five children. These duties limit their ability to cultivate side-businesses and often consume a great percentage of the families income, making it extremely difficult for the family to escape their respective situations. In most cases, women are overworked and have no time to seek information or learn to read, even if education programs are accessible. Healthcares become inaccessible for them because of their time constraints, their day-intensive work schedule, and the lack of evening hours at healthcare clinics. They have no time to travel to urban areas or to socialize. Conditions of their life such as the lack of structural infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, tunnels etc further obstruct communication with others. Therefore, they are socially isolated from other people, and from information.5. Political absencePutting power in womens hands is the biggest challenge for improving their lives in every country, advocates agree. Whether in the poorest countries of Africa, or the most repressive of the Middle East or Asia, lack of control over their own destinies blights womens lives from early childhood.Although women in these countries upper classes achieve professional and academic success, family law discriminates against them in marriage, divorce, guardianship, custody and inheritance. Cultural understandings limit many lower class women from getting jobs. Some professional and technical jobs, held by middle and upper class women, are deemed more appropriate for women in LDCs. But politics are not considered appropriate for women of any class. The world values survey and other kind of opinion polls do suggest a large proportion of the population regard womens participation in politics and as political leaders as inappropriate, and that men make better leaders than women do.6. Economic situationIn Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs), some small businesses are being established by women.Many women, especially rural women, are not able to meet their familys needs through their producing yields and must supplement their income to survive, which they do by creating small businesses, or services, and by trading. These small businesses run by women abound in rural and urban areas like, creating a large informal market economy in many countries that contributes significantly to developing the national economy. The flexibility of their business, which is very diverse in nature, allows them to continue household, childcare and agricultural work. It also creates a cash flow between urban and rural areas from the work of female traders who travel between the two. Unfortunately, their economic importance to society and their business development needs have been largely ignored by policy makers and researchers. This obscures peoples understanding about womens information needs and how to support them in their businesses. Major Countries and Organizations InvolvedAfghanistan In Afghanistan, other national issues such as terrorism and extremism have largely overshadowed the plight of women. Nonetheless, Afghanistan is considered one of the worst countries for women to live in. The average life expectancy of a woman is 45 years of age, and over 50% of women marry before the age of 16. The lack of medical care makes it such that approximately 48 women die in childbirth a day. All of these factors stem from a lack of education and respect for women in Afghani society. Often women are so dependent on their spouses, that in situations where they find themselves widowed, they resort to prostitution. In Afghanistan there are over one million homeless widows, most of which have prostituted themselves at certain junctures. IraqThe U.S.-led invasion to liberate Iraq from Saddam Hussein has imprisoned women in an inferno of sectarian violence that targets w