高考英语 增分锦囊(五) 阅读理解增分奥秘.doc

2013 高考英语增分锦囊(五) - 阅读理解增分奥秘【摘 要】高考英语中，阅读理解是一种复杂的英语语言思维过程，它是考生对阅读的语篇材料进行认知、获得、筛选、加工和整合的全过程。考生要出色地完成英语语篇的阅读，尤其是课外篇目的阅读，则更加使得他们思维敏捷、感悟深厚、表达精准等具备多方面的综合英语素养和能力。因此，考生只要能够平时要求自己方法得窍，潜心阅读；快速整理，迅速消化。那么，他们在英语正考中自然就会瞬时心领神会，增分作答了。【关键词】阅读理解 增分 奥秘 高考考纲解读阅读理解集中全面地考查考生从阅读中准确获取信息的能力，强调考生对语篇的整体把握能力，对语言文化因素的运用能力和解决实际问题的能力。阅读理解测试的主要要求：1.掌握所阅读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。2.既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。3.既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的意图，态度等。4.能理解某句，某段的意义，并能把握全篇的文脉，即句与句，段与段之间的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。5.能根据材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识准确判断生词的含义。阅读理解题的主要特征：1.语篇材料的真实性。2.语篇体裁的多样化，重点涉及记叙文，说明文和议论文。3.较大的阅读量和信息量。篇数一般控制在5篇以内，词量稳定在2000-2500之间，隐藏在表层结构“下面”的则是相当复杂的信息。4.语篇结构较为复杂。阅读材料在时间顺序上，空间顺序上或逻辑推理上运用了较高级的组篇手段。阅读文章题材与特征：1.科技小品：介绍科普知识，科研动态以及科技成果的开发，特点和用途。此类文章理论性逻辑性较强，叙述条理，层次分明。特点是科技词汇较多，句子长且结构复杂，难懂。考生则需用词法，句法和语境三管齐下的方法以达到理解全篇把握主旨的目的。2.说理小品：有理论，有事实。有较强的逻辑性。命题往往从有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者表达的意图等方面着手，考查考生思维和判断能力。3.新闻报道：主题突出，要点明显。主要针对5个w（when, where, who, what, why）。4.人物传记：以叙述某个人物的生平事迹，趣闻轶事，生活背景，成长或奋斗历程等为主。特点是以时间的先后顺序或事情的发展进程为主线，脉络清楚。所以，应抓住相关线索来获取有关信息，即主人翁在某个时间做什么，然后通过分析推理综合归纳的方法进行解题。5.短篇故事：与人物传记不同的是其一般描述的是一件具体事情的发生发展或结局，有人物，时间，地点和事情。命题往往从故事的情节，人物或事件间的关系，作者的态度，意图以及故事前因后果的推测等方面着手，考查考生对细节的辨认能力和推理判断能力。6.史地文化：涉及某个或几个国家或地区的，河流，山脉，海洋，城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活，政治经济，人文历史，文化习俗等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图标或图表共选择。考生须弄清相关对象间的关系，结合所学的史地知识，选择正确答案。7.幽默小品：这类文章是对社会生活，人物的性格特点，行为举止的某些可笑的的特征进行戏剧性描绘的特殊文体。解题时，需要考生仔细揣摩事情发生的背景及作者的意图，特别要把握文章的最后几句，分析它们与上文的对应关系，找出文章的“幽默点”。8.图形表格：无文字表述，或只有少量的文字表述。要求考生依据考生依据提供的图表进行理解或描述。常见的图表有流程图，地图，演示图，直方图，平面图等。阅读时必须弄清图表中个部分间的对应关系，同时针对题目要求进行有目的地阅读。 高考命题聚焦 整个语篇和上下文语境逻辑关系的考查 多层次细节推理综合的考查 主旨大意进行综合，归纳和推断的考查 词汇，短语和句意语意猜测的考查 高考考向探秘考查重点语篇逻辑关系的理解 语篇深层含义的理解 背景或态度的理解考查难点深层化理解 细节化理解 综合化理解考查热点语篇分析理解 深层推断理解 全文综合理解 高考聚焦题型【题型1】主旨题：通过分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章开头的主题或文章最后的结论从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。【典例1】some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters.sometimes they spray a “cake smaell”into the air.at other times they spray the fresh of baking bread.these smells are enough to make peoples mouths water. the customers then race madly to the counter to buy cakes,bread,rolls and other baked good!q: the main idea of the paragraph is _. a. what cakes smell like b. why bakeries make money c. how people are attracted to bakery counters d. what bakery counters in supermarkets sell 【分析】c。考查主旨判断。本文首句交代“有些超市用一些特殊的方法让顾客来面包柜买面包”，下文便是这种方法的具体介绍。选项a指蛋糕的味道，是具体信息；b项文章为提到；d项是说所卖的东西而不是所卖的方法；c项指所卖的方法，由此判断，c项正确。【点拨】善用寻读法，找准主题句。【题型解密】读首句抓大意。主题句可能出现在文章的开头。这些文章开门见山提出主题，随之用细节来解释或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。在说明文，议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种方式。【典例2】at this time the state of south carolina was having hard times. year after year the soil had been planted with the same crop. it was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves, and the planters knew little about soil conservation. because the soil was beginning to wear out, crops were smaller. the younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old south. many of them moved westwards and started cotton plantations in alabama and mississipi. what was more, so much cotton had been shipped to the factories in england and new zealand that they had as much cotton as they could use. this brought the price of cotton down. more and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations, and higher and higher prices were demanded for them. planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. hard times had come to southern carolina.1. the subject of this passage is _.a. economic difficulties of south carlina b. that the planters knew nothing about farming c. that the soil in southern carlina was not good d. the causes of hard times in south carolina2. which of the following sentences can summarize the main idea of the passage? a. hard times had come to south carolina. b. planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. c. the soil was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves. d. more and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantation.【分析】1. a 2. a。考查主旨判断。文章的首句指出“目前，南卡罗来纳面临着艰难状况”，下文便是艰难状况的原因，最后得出结论，用一句话对全文进行概括。所以第1题的最佳答案是a项；b项和c项都是后文的细节原因。d项指涉及原因并没有涉及现状，故不能选。第2题的最佳答案是a项。b，c和d项都是原因中的详细信息。【点拨】善用寻读法，找准主题句。【题型解密】读句尾抓大意。主题句可能出现在文章的段尾。这些文章通常先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，在表述细节后归纳要点，最后自然的得出结论，即段落的主题。【典例3】when you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down .when a bullet is shot straight up, it will reavel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. whatever goes up must come down. we have always thought this to be true. an airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. yet it does not stay up forever. finally, like everything else, the plane must come down.q : which of the following statements can best summarize the main idea of the passage? a. a ball falls down like a bullet. b. anything that goes up must fall down. c. a plane travels in the same way as a bullet. d. everything has weight. 【分析】b。考查主旨判断。本段文字完全按照“引题主题思想解释或继续论证”的顺序来写。文中的黑体部分是主题句，主题句之前举了两个例子，之后是对主题句的补充解释。a项和c项只是介绍了其中的细节情形，d项隐含意义很强，但很明显不是本文的主题。【点拨】善用寻读法，找准主题句。【题型解密】从段落中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主题句位于文章或段落的中间部分。此类文章往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例陈述细节或继续论证，即引题主义思想解释或继续论证。【典例4】wouldnt it be terrible, if we didnt have grass? we would have to walk on bare soil. can you guess what our playgrounds would look like? on a raining day we would get all muddy. on a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.q : the story mainly tells _. a. why we need rain b. hoa grass is kept green c. how grass helps us d. without grass we would have to walk on bare soil【分析】c。考查主旨判断。本段文字没有明显的主题句，而是从不同角度介绍了如果没有草，人类的生活就会受到影响，所以，我们完全可以从段落中得出结论，草对我们很有用， 故c项是最佳答案。【点拨】善用寻读法，找准主题句。【题型解密】归纳要点抓大意。主题隐含在文章中。文章或段落中没有明显的主题句，考生必须根据文中内容，进行综合分析，找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。这种类型的文章通常是叙述一件事的发展过程或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。【典例5】an australian wildlife park attendant survived a crocodile attack after her father jumped on the huge crocodils back and dug out its eyes as the horrified tourists looked on.karla bredle, 21, was in a fairly good condition in good care in hospital with a broken bone, a broken leg and some injuries after the attck.the 4.5-metre crocodile caught karla bredle around the leg and then the waist when she fell during a crocodile feeling show for tourists.karlas father seized a long-handled tool and beat the crocodile on the head to force it to let go of her, but the tool was doing nothing. so he jumped on its back and stuck his fingers in its eyes and the crocodile let go of her.q : the best title of the passage is _. a. the hateful crocodile b. father saved daughters life c. a terrible accident d. the dangerous place【分析】b。考查主旨判断。通过全文可知，karla bredle被鳄鱼攻击，她的父亲不顾一切跳到鳄鱼背上，用手抠出鳄鱼的眼珠，救出了她。所以，由比较而得，只有b项最贴近主题。【点拨】浓缩主题，选择标题。【题型解密】标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题，是文章中心思想最精炼的表达，可以帮助考生快速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心。标题的特点是短小精悍，多为短语；概括性强，一般要求能覆盖全文大意，表述精确，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。选择文章标题时应注意以下几点：1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系。2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，看题目是过大还是过小。3. 要避免下列三种错误： 概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致不能全面概括文章大意）。过度概括（多表现为标题概括内容超出了文章大意）。以事实或细节代替抽象或具体的大意。 要正确地选择标题还需要了解标题的写作格式。一般来说，标题的写作方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词但一定的语法规则浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。例：某一文章的中心局为：coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world.此句的话题为“coffee”,控制性概念为“is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world”因此，标题为：coffee around the world。【典例6】“have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?”asked jamie taylor of the wave energy group at the university of edinburgh. “there is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said.q : the writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. a. show the importance of waves b. draw the readers attention to the topic c. show jamie taylors importance d. invite the readers to answer them【分析】b。考查主旨判断。作者在开头提出问题让读者思考或是简单介绍与主题有关的其它事物，目的往往是为了引出主题，故答案选b。【点拨】依据主题，辨清写作目的。【题型解密】每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递一个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不比明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中，因此这类试题要求考生在理解文章总体内容地基础上领会作者的意图。写作目的通常有三种：1.娱乐读者。2.说服读者接受某种观点。3.告知读者某些信息。【典例7】 we think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster. to many of natures animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans. when settlers came from the east to americas great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs and shot the coyotes. all this upset the areas balance of nature. for the animals, it was worse than a flood or an earthquake.q : which of the following is the best title for the passage? a. natural balance itself b. floods and earthquakes c. american settlers d. humans - a disaster to nature【分析】d。考查主旨判断。根据文中的首句，我们很容易认为a或b是准确的。但是。 文章真正的主题句是出现在however之后，即“the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans”。文章通过将人类的迁徙行为产生的后果与自然灾害相比，推断出人类才是真正破坏自然界的最大灾难。a，b和c项是反衬着个主题的细节信息，不能全面反映这篇文章的主题。【点拨】掌握选项特点，选取最佳选项。【题型解密】在做阅读理解题时，可利用排除法解题：首先排除最不可能的选项，再凭借对材料的理解来对剩余的选项进行筛选。这就需要我们了解准确选项和干扰选项的特点。1. 正确选项的特点。四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。那些概括全文，内容全面，含意深刻，说明道理的选项通常是正确答案。2. 错误选项的特点。（1）以偏赅全，只是局部信息，或是一句没有展开论述的话。（2）概括范围太宽，文章内容过于一般化，包含的内容超出或少于文章阐述的内容。（3）无关信息，即在文章中找不到依据的信息。【题型2】细节题：理解了具体的事实和细节后，有助于更好的明确主题。【典例1】when i was a child, i often dreamed the time when i could leave home and escape to the city. we lived on a farm, in the winter especially, we were quite cut off from the outside world. as soon as i left school, i packed my bags and moved to the capital. however, i soon discovered that city life has its problems too.is life better then, in the city? perhaps it is, when you are in your teens or twenties. however, as you get older, and especially if you have small children, the peace of the countryside may seem preferable. i certainly hope to move back there soon.1. what was the writer always thinking about when he was a child? a. staying on the farm b. moving to the countryside c. leaving home for the city d. running away from the school2. which of the following is true about the writer? a. he is very old now. b. he is in good condition. c. he prefers driving a car. d. he lives in the city now.【分析】1. c。 考查细节。根据文中第一段中第一句话i often dreamed the time when i could leave home and escape to the city可知，作者小时候经常梦想将来离开家乡去城市。题干中的think about与这句话中的dream of具有相似的意义。2. d。考查细节。根据文中第后一段中的最后一句话i certainly hope to move back there soon可知，句中there则指上句中的the countryside。而其它三项均与该题无关联。【点拨】语义转换，断章取义找细节。【题型解密】断章取义找细节。在高考题中，细节理解测试题已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“断章取义法”，即带着问题有针对性地扫读短文，锁定相关词句，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述。【典例2】el nino is thought to occur due to changes in the normal patterns of trade wind circulation. normally, these winds move westward, carrying warm surface water to indonesia and australia and allowing cooler water to rise along the south american coast. for reasons not yet fully understood, these trade winds can sometimes be reduced, or even reversed. this moves warmer water toward the coast of south america and raises water temperatures. water causes heat to rise from the ocean off ecuador and peru, resulting in more storms and heavy rain full over these normally dry countries.q: according to the text, which of the following pictures shows the right el nino? warm water warm water warm water cold water cold water cold water cold water warm water 120 e 80w 120 e 80w 120 e 80w 120 e 80w a b c d 【分析】b。 考查细节。这是一道典型的图文转换题。根据图中空气的运动方向和海水的流动方向（自西向东）可判断出b项为正确答案。【点拨】图文转换，按文索图找细节。【题型解密】按文索图找细节。图文转换类的题，即根据短文描写确定相应图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字答案。此类题刻采用“文字锁定法”解题，即找出描绘图形的句段，按“文”索“图”，这样，便可迅速地锁定对应图形。【典例3】after the summer olympics are over, when all the athletes and viewers have gone home and the television audience has switched off, another group of athletes and fans will arrive at the host city, and another competition will begin. these are the paralympics, the games for athletes with a disability. but in beijing, for the first time, one of the greatest parlaympians will not be taking part.she is a british athlete by the name of tanni grey-thompson. born with spina bifida(脊椎裂) which left her paralysed from the waist down, tanni used a wheelchair from the age of 7. at first, she was not keen on sport, apart from horse-riding, which gave her a sense of freedom. but in her teens, she started taking sports more seriously. she tried swimming, basketball and tennis. eventually she found athletics, and never looked back.indeed, tannis athletic career took off. in 1984, when she was 15, she pulled off a surprise victory in the 100 metres at the junior national wheelchair games. in 1988, tanni went to her first paralympic games in seoul. she won bronze in the 400 metres. even greater success followed at the 1992 barcelona paralympics. tanni won gold in the 100,200,400 and 800 metres relay, setting two worls records in the process. in the same year she achieved the first of her six london wheelchair marathon victories. tanni retired finally after the visa paralympic world cup in 2007. her wish is to coach young athgletes for beijing 2008 olympic games. q : whats the right order of the events related to tanni?a. she works as a coach.b. she took up athletics.c. she won four medals in barcelona.d. she competed in her first paralympic games.e. she achieved a victory in her first london wheelchair marathon.a. b,d,c,e,a b. a,d,b,c,e c. a,d,c,e,b d. b,d,a,e,c 【分析】a 考查细节。根据第一段和第二段可知，“b. she took up athletics”应排在第一位，根据第三段可知，“a. she works as a coach.”应排在最后一位，然后再根据第三段内容便知“d. she competed in her first paralympic games.”应排在第二位，这样就把答案找出来了。【点拨】先后排序，首尾定位找细节。【题型解密】首尾定位找细节。这种题型要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，确定事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。【典例4】rrion books, which decideds there is a market in creating cut-down classics, is slimming down some novels by such great writers as l.tolstry, m.mitchell and c. bronte. now, each of them has been whittled down to about 400pages by cutting 30 to 40 per cent of the original, with words, sentences, paragraphs and, in a few cases, chapters removed. the first six shortened editions, all priced at $ 6.99 and advertised as great reads “in half the time”, will go on sale next month, with plans for 50 to 100 more to follow. the publishing house believes that modern readers will welcome the shorter versions.q : according to the message, orion books _. a. opposes the reading of original classics b. is embarrassed for cutting down classics c. thinks cut-down classics have a bright future d. is cautious in its decision to cut down classics【分析】c。 考查细节。根据第一句there is a market in creating cut-down classics确定，c项正确。【点拨】寻找信息点，题干定位找细节。【题型解密】题干定位找细节。快速寻找信息点一般为功能型阅读题，主要形式有广告，公告，演出信息，航班时间表等。做这类题时，没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”解题。【题型3】推理判断题：推理判断题是阅读理解题中难度较大，题量也较大的一类题型。其与其它题型相比，这类题的答案通常不能从原文中直接找到，而要经过分析，推理，判断才能获得。其往往要求考生能过通过表面的文字叙述“读出”隐藏在字里行间的深层含义。但提问句中常含suggest, imply, infer, appear, conclude等词。【典例1】the idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange, but thats exactly what motor engineers are doing in germany and some other countries.carmakerss reseach and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loud speakers can reduce the unwanted noise.phsicists have known about the technique for a long time. sound is made up of pressure waves in the air. if two sound waves of the same frequency mix so that the highest point of one wave happens at the same time with the lowest point of one wave, the result is no sound, therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise. using this technique many carmakers are racing to develop noise-killing systems both inside and outside the cars.another good thing about the noise-killing system is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better.some engineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars in 2009, but the carmakers havent decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars. 1.which of the following gives a general idea of how the noise-killing system works? a. by producing pressure waves going in the opposite direction. b. by mixing high frequency sound waves with low frequency sound waves. c. by making copies of the unwanted sound waves and letting them out a little late. d. by mixing new sound waves with the noise and sending them out together.2. besides its main function, the noise-killing system can _? a. make a car lighter b. make a car quieter c. reduce the cost of a silencer d. improve the performance of a silencer【分析】1. c。 考查推理判断。这篇文章谈的是消除噪音的方法，有一定的难度。根据四个选项分析短文中相应的内容可知，文章没有谈到消音时声波的方向问题，故可排除a项；文中明确提到这种原理的基本点是频率相同的声波，故也可以排除b项；文中确实谈到“mixing in more noise with the help of loud speakers can reduce the unwanted noise”，但没有谈两者噪音混合后再同时放出来，所以d项也不对；最后看一下c项，它的意思是：复制待消除的噪音然后将其比原噪音稍晚一点放出。再根据文章第三段“by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise.”可知，c项是正确答案。2. a。考查推理判断。第四段中的“reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better”分析判断，a项正确。【点拨】善用定性分析，巧断事物属性。【题型解密】善用定性分析，巧断事物属性来进行推理判断。在高考题中，定性分析作为一种判断性分析，这是由语言的描述性功能所决定的。所谓定性分析就是针对某一特定内容作出判断分析，用最能说明这一特定内容本质特点的词语加以表达，而这些词语又不能是短文中的原话。【典例2】 do you always understa