二氧化铅论文：二氧化铅的制备及其超级电容器性能研究.doc

二氧化铅论文：二氧化铅的制备及其超级电容器性能研究【中文摘要】超级电容器是近年来出现的一种介于电池和传统电容器之间的新型储能器件,它具有传统电池无法比拟的高功率密度、长循环寿命、环境友好等优点,随着新型绿色环保电动汽车的兴起以及各种电子通讯技术的发展,能源危机和环境保护成为人类可持续发展的战略核心,对于能源储存与转换元器件的要求越来越高,也使得超级容器的发展被提升到了一个新的高度。高能量、大功率的超级电容器更显示了其前所未有的应用前景,现已成为世界各国的研究热点。本论文根据大量的文献调研,紧跟该领域的国际前沿,从活性碳材料和金属氧化物材料着手,通过改进材料的制备方法,优化电极制作技术,研制出超级电容器用活性碳电极和二氧化铅薄膜电极,并组装成混合超级电容器。将材料的表征手段和电化学研究手段相结合,对材料的相关性能进行了测试,为研制混合超级电容器提供了实验依据和理论基础。主要研究内容如下：1、采用活性碳作为超级电容器的电极材料,组装成对称双电层超级电容器,研究其活性碳电极在5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4(1.28 g cm-3)、2 mol L-1 KCl和2 mol L-1 LiNO3不同电解液中的电化学性能,测试其比电容大小,利用恒流充放电和电化学阻抗谱等手段,测试对称活性碳双电层超级电容器在5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4电解液条件下的电容特性,在100 mAg-1的电流密度下能达到32.4 Fg-1。2、采用石墨片作为正极集流体,采用恒电流法在石墨片上沉积二氧化铅电极,并通过SEM和XRD研究了二氧化铅电极的形貌和结构特性。以二氧化铅电极为正极,活性碳电极为负极,5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4作为电解液,组装成混合超级电容器,并进行了恒流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学测试。结果表明：沉积电流对电极的电化学性能影响很大,在25 mA cm-2电流密度下沉积的二氧化铅电极不仅具有高比电容而且具有较好的循环稳定性,其与活性碳电极组装成混合超级电容器时,在150 mAg-1电流密度下比电容能达到128.4 Fg-1,恒流充放电循环3700次后其容量保持率仍能达到70%。3、采用石墨片作为正极集流体,采用循环伏安法电沉积二氧化铅电极,并借助SEM和XRD对二氧化铅电极材料的形貌和结构进行了表征。以二氧化铅电极为正极,活性碳电极为负极,5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4作为电解液,组装成混合超级电容器,并进行了恒流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学测试。结果表明：循环伏安法电沉积制备的二氧化铅电极不仅具有高比电容而且具有较好的循环稳定性,其与活性碳电极组装成混合超级电容器时,在500 mAg-1电流密度下比电容能达到96.8 Fg-1,恒流充放电循环2000次后其容量保持率仍能达到92%。【英文摘要】As intermediate energy storage systems between conventional capacitors and batteries, compared with the conventional battery, supercapacitors have high power density, long cycle life, no pollution and so on. With the rise of the new green electric vehicle and the development of various electronic communication technologies, the energy crisis and environmental protection are the core strategy of sustainable human development. Energy storage and conversion components for increasingly high demand, makes the development of supercapacitors raised to a new height. High-energy and power supercapacitors also demonstrated its unprecedented prospects application to the world. Recently, studies on supercapacitors are mainly become a hot spot.This dissertation carried out following the international foreland research, according to many literature materials. With activated carbon materials and lead dioxide as electrode materials for supercapacitors, through improved preparation methods of the materials and optimize electrode fabrication technology, developed the activated carbon electrode and the dioxide lead film electrode, and assembled it into the hybrid supercapacitor. By integrating various electrochemical and material methods, this dissertation has investigated the material preparation, electrolyte optimization, electrode preparation, capacitive property and mechanism of double-layer capacitance. The main results are as follows:1. Activated carbon has been used as electrode materials for supercapacitor, and assembled it into the double layer supercapacitor. By investigating the electrochemical performance of activated carbon electrode in 5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4(1.28 g cm-3),2 mol L-1 KC1 and 2 mol L-1 LiNO3 electrolyte, test the specific capacitance. Using constant current charge-discharge methods and electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement, research the double layer supercapacitor capacitance characteristics by using 5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4 electrolyte, the specific capacitance of 32.4 F g-1 at current density of 100 mA g-12. Use of graphite substrate as the anode current collector, lead oxide depositied on graphite by the galvanostatic method, and research the lead dioxide electrode morphology and structure features by SEM and XRD studies. And electrochemical performance of the hybrid supercapacitor investigated by using the lead dioxide electrode as positive electrode, the AC electrode as negative electrode and 5.3 mol L-1 H2SO4 as electrolyte were characterized by using constant current charge-discharge and EIS measurements. The results showed that the depositied current density had large effect on the electrochemical performance of the lead dioxide thin electrode, the lead dioxide electrode depositied using 25 mA cm-2 current density not only has high specific capacitance and good cycle stability. The hybrid supercapacitor assembled with lead dioxide prepared at current density of 25 mA cm-2 and an activated carbon delivered a specific capacitance of 128.4 F g-1 at current density of 150 mA g-1, and after 3700 cycles the specific capacitance remained 70%.3. Use of graphite as the anode current collector, lead oxide depositied on graphite by the cyclic voltammetric deposition method, and research the lead dioxide electrode morphology and structure features by SEM and XRD studies. And electrochemical performance of the hybrid supercapacitor investigated by using the lead dioxide electrode as positive electrode, the AC electrode as negative electrode and 5.3 mol L”1 H2SO4 as electrolyte were characterized by using constant current charge-discharge and EIS measurements. The results showed that the lead dioxide electrode depositied by cyclic voltammetric deposition method not only has high specific capacitance and good cycle stability. The hybrid supercapacitor assembled with lead dioxide and an activated carbon delivered a specific capacitance of 96.8F g-1 at current density of 500 mA g-1, and after 2000 cycles the specific capacitance remained 92%.【关键词】二氧化铅 超级电容器 活性碳 循环伏安电沉积【英文关键词】lead dioxide supercapacitor activated carbon cyclic voltammetric deposition【目录】二氧化铅的制备及其超级电容器性能研究摘要3-5ABSTRACT5-6第1章 文献综述11-261.1 前言11-121.2 超级电容器的简介12-151.2.1 超级电容器与传统电容器及电池的性能比较121.2.2 超级电容器的特点12-131.2.3 超级电容器的用途131.2.4 超级电容器的发展状况13-151.3 超级电容器的工作原理与分类15-191.3.1 双电层电容器15-171.3.2 法拉第赝电容器17-181.3.3 混合超级电容器18-191.4 超级电容器的电极材料19-241.4.1 双电层电容器电极材料20-211.4.2 金属氧化物电容器电极材料21-231.4.3 导电聚合物电容器电极材料23-241.4.4 超级电容器电解液241.5 选题的背景和意义24-251.6 本论文的主要研究目的和内容251.7 本论文的创新之处25-26第2章 实验药品与方法及原理26-322.1 实验主要药品262.2 实验主要装置26-282.2.1 电化学测试体系26-272.2.2 制备二氧化铅薄膜电极的实验装置27-282.2.3 活性碳电极的制备及双电层电容器的组装282.3 混合超级电容器的组装282.4 材料的物理性能表征28-292.4.1 物相分析28-292.4.2 扫描电子显微镜292.5 材料的电化学性能测试29-322.5.1 回流充放电技术292.5.2 循环伏安法29-302.5.3 交流阻抗测试(EIS)30-32第3章 对称活性碳超级电容器的性能研究32-413.1 概述323.2 实验部分32-333.2.1 活性碳电极的制备32-333.2.2 对称活性碳超级电容器的组装333.2.3 电化学性能测试333.3 活性碳电极材料表征33-343.4 对称活性碳超级电容器的性能研究34-403.4.1 活性碳电极在不同电解液中的循环伏安特性研究34-363.4.2 活性碳电容器在不同电解液中的恒电流充放电测试36-373.4.3 电流大小对活性碳超级电容器性能的影响37-383.4.4 循环寿命测试38-393.4.5 交流阻抗特性研究39-403.5 本章小结40-41第4章 恒电流沉