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工程翻译术语单相等值电路per phase equivalent circuit正弦稳态sinusoidal steady state正弦函数sinusoidal function双回线double-circuit line多回线paralell-circuit line正常稳态运行情况（长春金伦翻normal steady-state operating conditions单线图one-line diagram电感线圈inductance coil型等值电路equivalent circuit型等值电路-equivalent circuit微分方程differential equations满载full-load空载no-load轻载light-load重载heavy-load授端电压receiving-end voltage（长春翻译金伦翻译）送端电压sending-end voltage电压曲线 电压分布voltage profile可控硅投切电抗器thyristor-switched reactor电容器组capacitor bank电路原理electric network theory电机学electric machines线性系统linear systems常微分方程ordinary differential equations矩阵代数matrix algebra集中参数电路等值（长春翻译金伦翻译）lumped-circuit equivalent电压等级voltage level标幺化per unit normalization倒数reciprocal假定正方向assumed reference direction磁动势magnetomotive force (mmf) 磁阻reluctance空载试验oper-circuit test短路试验short-circuit test三相变压器组（长春金伦翻three-phase bank发电机惯例generator convention电动机惯例load convention手工练习paper-and-pencil exercise非标准变比变压器transformer with off-nominal turns ratio基准量base quantity/value, basis归算到变压器高压侧（长春翻译金伦翻译）refered to the high-voltage side of the transformer输入端电压the input terminal voltage功率因数为1 unity power factor功率因数为0.8领先0.8 power factor leading馈线feeder负荷端load end励磁电流exciting/field current铭牌数据nameplate ratings伏安voltampere标幺符号p.u. notation移相变压器phase-shifting transformer（长春翻译金伦翻译）极性点polarity dot电能electrical energy电力工业the electric utility industry电力系统powers system, electric power systems发电公司generating company输电公司transmission company配电公司distribution company有名值actual value线损line losses基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff law节点分析法nodal analysis（长春翻译金伦翻译）回路分析法mesh/loop analysis叠加法superposition电源变换法（长春金伦翻source transformations戴韦南定理Thevenins theorem诺顿定理Nortons theorem矩阵符号matrix notation对角线元素diagonal element非对角线元素off-diagonal element方向箭头reference arrow自导纳自导纳self-admittance, driving-pointadmittance互导纳mutual admittance, transfer admittance120o 相移120o displacement相量图phasor diagram（长春翻译金伦翻译）相量图的原点the origin of the phasor diagram等边三角形equilateral triangle顶点vertex/vertices (pl.) 线电压line voltage, line-to-line voltage（长春翻译金伦翻译）正极positive terminal表示denote共轭复数the complex conjugate拐点the knee拐点the knee拐点the knee钢芯铝导线aluminum conductor steel-reinforced(ACSR) 电晕corona扩径钢芯铝导线expanded ACSR污秽,污染物contaminant磁场强度magnetic field intensity H磁通密度magnetic flux density B磁链flux linkage均匀的电流分布（长春翻译金伦翻译）uniform current （长春金伦翻distribution相间距phase spacing加法形式summation立方根cube root空气的击穿强度breakdown strength大气压atmospheric pressure无损线lossless line有损线lossy line特征阻抗,波阻抗characteristic/surge impedance传播常数propagation constant静态稳定极限steady-state stability limit失去同步（长春翻译金伦翻译）lose synchronism电压调整的百分数形式percent voltage regulation线路实际负载能力practical line loadability线路实际负载能力practical line loadability电压损耗极限voltage-drop limit载流能力current-carrying capability次同步谐振subsynchronous resonance静止无功补偿器（长春翻译金伦翻译）static var compensator非奇异nonsingular微分代数方程组differential-algebraic equations平衡点equilibrium point电力系统运行power systems operation电压灵敏度系数voltage sensitivity Factor (VSF) 范数norm倒数inverse二次的quadratic临近指标proximity index (indices) 系统动态模型system dynamic model（长春金伦翻阶性能指标second order performance index崩溃临近程度（长春翻译金伦翻译）proximity to collapse不连续discontinuity导数derivative海森矩阵Hessian行列式determinant负荷裕度loading margin发电机机端电压generator terminal voltage三相变压器接线引起的相移connection-induced phase shift变压器变比不匹配the mismatch in the turns ratios of the transformers两个并列运行变压器组two parallel transformer banks循环电流circulating currennt从分析的角度（长春翻译金伦翻译）from an analysis point of view标幺值per unit value发电机稳态模型a steady-state model of the generator; a steady-state generator model旋转磁场rotate fields励磁和定子电流field and stator currents电枢反应armature reaction纵轴电抗direct-axis reactance横轴电抗（长春金伦翻quadrature-axis reactance滑环slip rings转子rotor定子stator水平面horizontal plane线圈平面plane of coil（长春翻译金伦翻译）箭头the point of the arrow箭尾the feathers of the arrow每相绕组each phase winding多匝绕组multiturn winding隐极smooth/round/cylindrical rotor两极转子a two-pole rotor定子槽stator slot凸极salient pole多极机multipole machine相应的磁链对时间的变化率the time rate of change of the corresponding flux linkages（长春翻译金伦翻译）气隙磁通air-gap flux气隙电压air-gap voltage空间分布spatial distribution单下标符号single-subscript notation双下标符号double-subscript notation气隙air-gap对于对称symmetrical with respect to磁力线flux line磁通密度向量the vector flux density系数factor比例常数the constant of proportionality方波square wave傅立叶变换（长春翻译金伦翻译）Fourier analysis空间和时间分布the spatial and temporal distribution空间和时间参数the spatial and time arguments角速度（长春金伦翻angular velocity同步旋转的参考系the synchronously rotating reference frame中心线centerline高斯表面Gusssian surface它们的存在their presence弧度radian假想电感ficticious inductance在量级on the order of垂直于perpendicular to直轴direct axis交轴/横轴quadrature axis气冷air cooled氢冷（长春翻译金伦翻译）hydrogen cooled已知，求Given ,find三角学trigonometry分解为分量resolve into components合并同类项group terms功率圆图power circle diagram推断derivation代入到substitute into/in一些变换后after some algebra凸极的效果the effect of saliency曲线on the curve of versus无穷大母线an infinite bus发电机容量（长春翻译金伦翻译）the MVA rating of the generator理想电压源ideal voltage source相位phase同步机励磁synchronous machine excitation励磁输出exciter output双反（长春金伦翻应同步机模型two reaction synchronous model发电机功率基值the machine MVA base系统统一的功率基值a common system MVA base（长春翻译金伦翻译）更精确地more precisely发电机机端短路short circuit at the generator terminal特例a special case相关地正方向associate reference direction耦合线圈coupled coils右手法则right-hand rule线性关系a linear relationship between4分量地向量4-vector4乘4矩阵4x4 matrix不随时间而变be constant with time常数矩阵a constant matrix变压器电势transformer voltage速度电势speed voltage摩擦friction右边项the right-hand term微分方程地法（长春翻译金伦翻译）the chain rule of differentiation机械方程mechanical equation机械转矩mechanical torque静止部分stationary part旋转部分rotating part功率因数0.8滞后0.8PF lagging傅立叶级数Fourier series周期性变化periodic variation假设的匀速旋转the assumed uniform rotation rate近（长春金伦翻似值approximate value叠加在superimposed on惯性力矩moment of inertia两个变化周期two cycles of variation励磁绕组（长春翻译金伦翻译）field winding假想绕组ficticious winding阻尼绕组damper winding实芯转子solid-iron rotor一匝的绕组one-turn coil励磁控制系统excitation control system矩阵和向量量the matrix and vector quantity最低次谐波the lowest harmonic term假设条件proviso以为周期的变化the variation of is -periodic直流和基波项dc and fundamental terms简化符号to simplify the notation位移算子a shift operator定量分析quantitative analysis对称矩阵symmetric matrix电压电流关系voltage-current relation匀速轴运动uniform shaft rotation具有时变系数的线性微分方程linear differential equations with periodically time-varying coefficient线性时变微分方程lineare time-invariant equations转子坐标rotor coordinates基于转子的变量rotor-based variables（长春金伦翻帕克变量Parkss variables与同轴aligned with the direct axis（长春翻译金伦翻译）帕克变换Park transformation将P与PT相乘得单位矩阵multiply P into PT to get the identity matrix标准正交orthonormal基于定子得变量stator-based variable对矩阵乘积求转置得法则the rule for finding the transpose of a product of matrices转置的乘积以相反的顺序product of transposes in reverse order左乘premultiply（长春翻译金伦翻译）右乘postmultiply线性代数linear algebra特征向量eigenvector对角矩阵diagonal matrix双反应模型two-reaction model正交的orthogonal简单、稀疏、对称、定常imple,sparse,symmetric,and constant电气方程electrical equation动态行为dynamic behavior标量scalar对求微分differentiating with respect to微分和转置运算交换顺序the operations of differentiation and transposition commute（长春翻译金伦翻译）物理和假想线圈的位置the orientations of the physical and/orfictitious coils解耦方程decoupled equation（长春金伦翻衰减到零decay to zero拉普拉斯变换Laplace transformation帕克逆变换the inverse Park transformation看出之间的相似性recognize the parallel between变换技术transformation technique同步速synchronous speed阶跃函数step function刚开始非常短的时间段a very short initial interval（长春翻译金伦翻译）以为系数in argument of the sine and cosine by 2/3实际上as a practical matter在暂态过程中in the transient地二项占主导the second term dominates纵轴暂态开路时间常数the direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant稳态值steady-state value定子端stator terminals继电器整定relay settings电流不突变the current will not change instantaneously线性常系数微分方程（长春翻译金伦翻译）linear constant coefficient differentialequation原则上in principle稳态解steady-state solution故障前开路电压prefault open-circuit voltage暂态解solution for transient特征多项式the characteristic polynomial开放的右半平面the open left half-plane行列式分子（长春金伦翻numeratior determinant部分分式展开式partial fraction expansion纵轴暂态电抗the direct-axis transient reactance中间结果intermediate results直流分量average(dc) component正弦分量sinusoidal component三角特性（长春翻译金伦翻译）trigonometric identity基波分量fundamental component直流分量dc or offset or unidirectional component二次谐波（倍频）分量second harmonic component直流分量的大小the magnitude of the unidirectional term（长春翻译金伦翻译）纵轴暂态短路时间常数the direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant指数衰减到零decay exponentially to zero快速动作断路器fast-acting circuit breaker在推导中in the derivation短路试验a short草图a crude sketch纵轴次暂态电抗the direct-axis subtransient reactance纵轴次暂态短路时间常数the direct-axis subtransient shortcircuit time con（长春金伦翻stant次暂态分量subtransient component暂态分量transient component稳态分量steady-state component去磁的（长春翻译金伦翻译）电枢反应磁通demagnetizing armature reaction flux短路电流short-circuit current数值上很小small in value由初值衰减decay from their initial value滑差频率slip frequency准稳态分析quasi-steady-state analysis不切题not central to our subject启动startup复数量the complex quantity复数电压相量the complex voltage phasor代数和几何计算an algebraic or geometric calculation单位向量（长春翻译金伦翻译）unit vector新的坐标系a new coordinate system/frame实轴real axis虚轴imaginary axis平衡系统in balanced sets正序系统in positive-sequence sets纵轴和横轴分量direct and quadrature component让实部和虚部分别相等equate real parts and equate imaginary partd-q轴的机器参照系machine reference frame for the d-q axes实虚轴的网络参照系（长春金伦翻the network/common/system reference frame for the real and imaginary axes（长春翻译金伦翻译）系统互联system interconnection内部电压internal voltage混和的电路和方框图the mixed circuit/block diagram坐标变换axis transformation同步正序稳态运行synchronous,positive-sequence,steadystate operation转子阻尼电流rotor damper currents简洁的表达compact expression三阶段过程three-stage process机电暂态electromechanical transient幅值和相位缓慢（长春翻译金伦翻译）变化的正弦波sinusoids with slowly varying amplitude and phase实践中修正justified in practice在假设中in assumption 1在广义上in the broad sense时变量time-varying quantity暂态过程刚开始时的短暂阶段a very short interval at the very beginning of the transient幅值和相位变化（长春金伦翻vary in amplitude and phase时间变化vary in time不变，变化with fixed and variable投影projection代数约束（长春翻译金伦翻译）条件the algebraic constraint基于转子的项rotor-based terms基于定子的项stator-based terms和成比例proportionality of with动能kinetic energy导数derivative机械摩擦mechanical friction相连的转子the coupled rotors等号equals sign不变的A constant A故障前稳态prefault steady-state condition瞬时电（长春翻译金伦翻译）压instantaneous voltage以和时间无关的形式in time-constant form数值numerical value数值积分算法mumerical integration algorithm稳态运行条件steady-state operating conditions常数值constant value运行点operating point小扰动small perturbations增量the increments的斜率the slope of拉普拉斯变换Laplace transform方框图block diagram励磁系统the excitation system调速器the speed governor外部反馈环（长春金伦翻the external feedback loops传递函数（长春翻译金伦翻译）the transfer function闭环传递函数closed-loop transfer function开环传递函数open-loop transfer function一般性能general property振荡模式的衰减damping of oscillatory mode零点和极点zeros and poles根轨迹法the root-locus method相加点the summing point正反馈positive feedback正阻尼the beneficial damping环路增益loop gain轴摩擦阻尼the shaft friction damping提出一个（长春翻译金伦翻译）发电机设计问题pose a machine design problem不对称短路nonsymmetric short circuit电感参数the inductance parametersabc变量abc variablesdqo变量0dq variables零序，纵轴和横轴zero-sequence,direct-axis, and quadrature-axis sets标量二阶机械微分方程a scalar second-order mechanicaldifferential equation一阶电气微分方程a first-order electrical differentialequation根（长春翻译金伦翻译）轨迹分析a root-locus analysis可移动的铁芯a movable iron core稳态值a steady-state value开路稳态条件（长春金伦翻open-circuit steady-state conditions磁滞hysteresis阻尼器amortisseur物理解释physical interpretation和d轴同轴coincide with the d-axis对时间的导数项time derivative term外加电压applied voltage以代换substitute for in terms of from Equation以表示denote as用表示using to denote峰值peak value有效值RMS value标量二阶机械微分方程scalar quantity电（长春翻译金伦翻译）压分量voltage component电流分量current component在q轴方向line along the q-axis的代换substitution of结果式的简化reduction of the resulting expression在dq复平面in dq complex plane相应的相量图the corresponding phasor diagram相对于with respect to在空载或开路条件下under no-load or open-circuit conditions时间原点the time origin忽略（长春翻译金伦翻译）凸极效应with saliency neglected任意选定arbitrarily chosen内部角/功角internal angle/power angle磁饱和（长春金伦翻magnetic saturation以发电机额定为基值on machine rating of每分钟转数RPM电磁暂态特性elctrical transient performance characteristics暂态直流分量a transient unidiredtional component稳态交流分量a steady-state（长春翻译金伦翻译） alternating component以时间常数衰减为零decay to zero with a time constant of最初的快速的衰减the initial rapid decay基频分量fundamental frequency component直流分量unidirectional component次暂态期subtransient period暂态期transient period稳态期steady-state period衰减率the rates of decay速度变化率the speed deviation电力电子学power electronics调节器regulator时间尺度（长春翻译金伦翻译）time scale以秒计in the time ranges of seconds在数十秒的时间段at intervals of tens of seconds持续数分钟spanning several minutes机电暂态elctromechanical transients中期midterm（长春金伦翻电磁暂态electromagnetic transients瞬时地momentarily传输容量transmission capacity电动机失速motor stalling负荷构成load composition压缩机负荷compressor load无功的生产、传输和消费（长春翻译金伦翻译）the production, transmission and consumption of reactive power跳线路或发电机line tripping or generator outages小干扰稳定的small disturbance stable在稳定运行点at a stable operating point电压动态下降a dynamic fall of voltages慢速下降a slow decline快速下降a fast decline电压崩溃机理mechanisms of voltage collapse动态dynamics纠正性措施corrective control actions恢复平衡运行点restore operating equilibrium非线性动态系统理论（长春翻译金伦翻译）nonlinear dynamical systems thoery单调崩溃monotonic collapses零故障阻抗zero fault impedance回路方程KVL equation总的故障电流the total fault current非对称的故障电流（长春金伦翻（指全电流）the asymmetrical fault current对称故障电流（指周期分量） symmetrical fault current稳态故障电流steady-state fault current直流分量电流dc offset current空载同步发电机an unloaded synchronous machine金属接地solid fault金属接地bolted fault电压源voltage source周期的periodic（长春翻译金伦翻译）时间常数time constant指数项the exponential term故障电流最大可能的有效值the rms asymmetrical fault current with maximum dc offset波形图an oscillogram正弦波the sinusoidal waveform磁阻reluctance成反比inversely proportional to短路前端电压有效值the rms prefault terminal voltage次暂态电流有效值the rms subtransient fault current，I纵轴次暂态短路时间常数 the direct axis short-circuit subtransient time constant, Td纵轴暂态短路时间常数 the direct axis short-circuit transient time constant,Td暂态电流的有效值the rms transient fault current互（长春翻译金伦翻译）差1200电角度displaced 1200 from each other三相空载电压the three-phase no-load voltages电枢时间常数the armature time constant空载时at no-load故障开始时fault inception暂态电流有效值the rms subtransient fault current，I纵轴次暂态电抗direct axis subtransient reactance,Xd纵轴暂态电抗direct axis transient reactance, Xd纵轴稳态电抗direct axis synchronous reactance, Xd横轴次暂态电抗（长春翻译金伦翻译）quadrature axis subtransient reactance,Xq横轴暂态电抗quadrature axis transient reactance, Xq横轴稳态电抗quadrature axis synchronous reactance,Xq电力系统三相短路power system three-phase short circuits非旋转阻抗负荷nonrotating impedance load故障前内电势the prefault internal voltage恒定电压源constant-voltage source两个相对的电压源two o（长春金伦翻pposing voltage sources相量值phasor value用相量表示in phasor notation网（长春翻译金伦翻译）损T & D losses(transmission and distribution losses) 千瓦小时kilowatthour传统用汽电厂conventional steam plant燃气轮机gas turbine水力hydropower核电力nuclear power地热电力geothermal power能源保护energy conservation电力行业生产utility electricity production度watthour计划停运scheduled outages强迫停运forced outages峰荷需求the peak-load demand基荷the base-load化石电厂fossil-fuel plant燃煤电厂coal-fired plant核电厂nyclear power plant水（长春翻译金伦翻译）冷water-cooled水力发电Hydroelectric generation热电厂？ thermal plant适于远方控制adaptable to remote control大坝泄洪道the spillway of the dam抽水蓄能pumped storage高峰负荷期间during the time of peak demand非高峰off peak耗量微增率incremental cost削峰shaves the peaks填（长春金伦翻谷fills the troughs日负荷需求曲线the daily load-demand curve辐射状线路radial line电压支持voltage support电压（长春翻译金伦翻译）支持voltage maintenance忽略线损line losses neglected考虑线损line losses considered理想状态this desirable state of affairs不正常状态abnormal conditions不对称输电线故障nonsymmetric transmission-line faults短路容量the short-circuit MVA建立基本概念fix the fundamental ideas对称分量法the method of symmetrical component零序组a zero-sequence set下列特性the following property通常的做法（长春翻译金伦翻译）the common convention其余的the remainder独立变量the lead variables对称分量变换阵the symmetrical components transformation matrix验证confirm逆矩阵the inverse下列几点the following points进行复数运算（长春金伦翻carrying out the complex arithmetric对称分量法the symmetrical components method序网络a sequence network单相等值电路a single-phase circuit单相分析per-phase analysis复合序网sequence-network connection恒等式identity行列式A the det A单相短路single line-ground, SLG两相短路Line-line, LL两相短路接地Double line-ground,DLG断（长春翻译金伦翻译）线故障open conductor平衡的三相故障the banlanced three-phase fault, 3假想的三相端口a hypothetical three-phase stub实际的电力系统模型a realistic power system model和序有关be sequence dependent一种方法a development复合序网interconnected swquence networks用相量表示的故障条件fault conditions in phase domain用序量表示的故障条件fault conditions in sequence domain单位矩阵identity matrix复数共轭complex conjugate显式地explicitly隐式的implicit其它方法alternative ways非奇（长春翻译金伦翻译）异nonsingular非奇异性nonsingularity误差（长春金伦翻mismatch叠代公式iteration formula收敛性convergence property横坐标abscissa斜率slope延伸到translate to叠代序列the sequence of iterations单调收敛monotonically convergent振荡的oscillatory发散divergent导数derivative一般表达式the generalization台劳展开式Taylor series expansion高阶项higher-order terms用矩阵符号（长春翻译金伦翻译）using matrix notationfi对xj的偏微分用类退by analogypartial derivative of fi with respect to 初值the initial guessxj高斯塞得尔迭代Gauss-Seidel iteration解x solve for x进行到下一步迭代proceed to the next iteration高斯削去Gauss elimination求逆矩阵evaluate the inverse matrix求逆矩阵taking inverses计算开销大computaionally expensive去掉strip away将方程变为f(x)=0得形式to put the equations in the form f(x)=0解法the solution algorithm以 P=1代入put in the known values of P=1在更高阶得情况in higher-dimensional cases（长春金伦翻一个好得估计值a good estimate足够小suitably small潮流方程的实数形式the real form of the power flow equations牛拉计算法N-R calculations由取实部和虚步导出to be derived from by taking the real （长春翻译金伦翻译）已知数specified numbers使关系明显make that dependence explicitand imaginary parts已知常数specified constants未知量x的已知函授specified functions of the unkn