高一定语从句讲解.doc

句子成分及结构1主语（Subject）它是句子的主体，是“什么人，什么事，什么物”。常由n,pron,num,to-do,-ving,clause 担任。.Professor Wang is a well- known scholar.I read English newspaper every day.To become a professor has been his ambition. Smoking is harmful to health.(5) What we shall do next is not yet decided.(6) It doesnt matter whether he will come or not.2. 谓语（Precicate） 它是说明主语的动作或状态的部分.除了特殊的倒装结构一般位于主语后。His father is a fireman.The children laughed. We should pay attention to English idioms.3.宾语（Object） 宾语是及物动词的对象和内容。不及物动词后不能接宾语。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。可有n,pron,num或与之相当的结构担任。如：(1) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?(2) I dont know where he has gone.(3) The sun gives us light and warmth.4. 补语（Complement） 用于补充说明主语或宾补。常由adj,n或相当的结构充当。.He doesnt believe the story true.The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.They saw her walking into the bookstore. (4) He was considered to be the best player.5. 表语（Predicative） 它在联系动词之后表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。可有n,pron,adj,adv,num,to-do,-ving,clause担任。如：.Susan is always careless.Her job is to look after the children.His job is teaching you how to use the machine.The key question is how we should solve the problem6.定语（Attributive） 用来限定或修饰名词或代词。通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。它可以是一个词或是几个词或者一个词组，或者是个句子。位置比较灵活，可在名词前后。(1)The yellow bike is mine.(2) A very valuable bronze Egyptian cat.(3) The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker.(4) This is a book which tells rocket technology.(5) After all, he is a five- year-old boy.(6) Commerce with other countries is very important to us.(7) Please give me a knife to cut with.(8) The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach.7 状语(Adverbial) 用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子.它常由副词或与之相当的结构担任。(1) Rose speaks English quite well.(2) He went to France to learn French.(3) If I have some spare time, I will take up German.(4) When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(5) The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard8. 同位语 它位于名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。常由名词、名词性短语或从句担任。如：(1) The future belongs to you young people.(2) A year is divided into four seasons,spring, summer,autumn and winter.二 按照结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1.简单句SV.Everybody laughed.Prices are going up.The guests have arrivedSVC.He is in good health.These flowers smell fragrant.My brother has become an engineer. SVO.I want a return ticket.Nobody could answer the question.The train is building up speed.SvoO.I taught you English grammar.Someone left you this note.David showed me the way.SVOC.We elected him our spokesman.They painted the walls creamy white. 2. 并列句（Compound Sentence）它包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“SP+连词+SP”。 连接两个概念 常见的and, so, therefore, not onlybut(also), neither nor等。如：(1) I think, therefore I exist.(2) She not only writes her own plays, she also acts in them.(3) He neither speaks English, nor understands it.表示两者选其一 常见的有or, otherwise, or else, eitheror.如： (1) Either he is to blame or I am.(2) You must go to work or/ or else/ otherwise you will lose your job. 表示矛盾或对照 常见的有but, yet, still, however, while, whereas 等。(1) She felt ill, but she still went to work.(2) I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.3. 复合句（Complex Sentence） 它由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。如：(1) I was about to leave, when the telephone rang.(2) The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。如下：1.I bought a rain coat with a warm lining2.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.定语从句第一讲功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语一 先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词 二关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。先行词是物： which that 先行词是人： who whom that 在从句中充当的成分： 主语、宾语 做题技巧 ：（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 e.g. 把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句1. They had a radio. It could send out messages. They had a radio which/ that could send out message. (主语)2. The girl is my best friend. She spoke just now.3. He always buys some books. He never read them.注意点：1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：e.g. 4. The man who lives next door sells vegetables. The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( )2）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：e.g. 5. The young man ( whom ) you saw was our manager. 6. There is something ( that ) we must keep in mind. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. The man who told me the news refused to give me the name.2. The airline has a booklet which will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.3. He found a dollar bill that he had forgotten in a suit .4. He is the man whom we all respect.5. There is somebody who wants to see you.6. The house I would like to buy is not for sale.第二讲whose 的用法：关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。1. The girl is my daughter. Her work got the first prize. The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter. 2. The book is not mine. The cover of it is red.The book whose cover is red is not mine 3. Do you know anyone? His family is in Xian. 4. I live in the room. The windows of it face south. 5. The chair has been repaired. The leg of it was broken. that与which的区别1）用that而不用 which的情况 先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing,little,few,much something someone；先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；先行词有the only, the very, any,the same , the last等词修饰； 先行词既有人又有物时。Who is the person that is standing there?e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。2）用which而不用 that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；指代前面整个主句的意思；介词 + 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. This is the room in which my father lived last year. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1.What is the address of the factory whose advertisement we noticed the other day.2.I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.3.It was a meeting whose importance I didnt realize at the time.4.The Great Wall was the first place that went to visit while they were in China.第三讲一关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which 或whom1. The man is a famous runner. You talked to him just now. The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.2. The chair is made of wood. He is sitting on it now. The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.3. He is a library assistant. I borrowed some books from him.4. It is a famous school. He graduated from it 3 years ago. 二介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开， (look after take care of look for)e.g. 5. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him. He is the student who the teachers are looking for. 6. The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the children. The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. This is the house about which we wrote to you.2. Wu Dong, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.3. He used to live in a big house in front of which grew many banana trees.4. This is Peter in whose house I have lived for five years.第四讲关系副词： when where why当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替:e.g. 1. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.2. He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替:e.g. 3. This is the house. / He used to live in the house.This is the house where/ in which he used to live. 先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for which来代替:e.g. 5. I dont know the reason. / He did it for this reason.I dont know the reason why/ for which he did it.6. The reason for which/why he was fired was not clear.I will never forget the day which/that/不填we spent together in the countrysideI will never forget the days during which/when we stayed together in the countrysideThis is the reason that/which/不填 they told me. This is the reason for which/why he turned the job找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分I know a forest where you can find wild strawberries. Is there any reason why you should have a holiday.Be sure to call on us next time when you come to town.第五讲注意点：要注意判断关系词及关系词在从句中所充当的成分。e.g. 1. This is the house He visited it yesterday. This is the house. He once lived in it.This is the house which/that / / he visited yesterday. This is the house where/in which he once lived.2. We will remember the day. We spent the day together.We will remember the day. We worked on this day together.?.找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分I will show you to the factory which produces this kind of TV sets.I will show you to the factory where he has worked for five years.第六讲定语从句时特别注意的几个问题限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句as引导定语从句时的用法1. as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。e.g. Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。2. as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。常用下列句型: as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks.（one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（students为先行词）定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.几个特殊的定语从句句型：1. Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? 2. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句：Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?3. way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或省略来引导定语从句，也可省略：Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?4. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.定语从句配套练习 第一讲 一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：1. The fan is on the desk. You want it.2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.4. The students will not pass the exam . They dont study hard.5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park. 6. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分The thief who had robbed the man was caught by the policeman.I have to make up for the test that I missed last week.The car I hired broke down on my way home.Thank you very much for the present you sent me.Do you know anyone who wants to buy a second-hand motorbike. 第二讲 一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：1. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.2. Thats the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.3. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.4. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class.用that 、which.who或whose将下列每一组句子合并成一个含有定语从句的复合句 A plane is a machine. A plane can fly.I have a very smart brother. He is only seventeen years old now.Everybody wants to enjoy the picture. You took the picture just yesterday.My wife is a very efficient woman. Her class always comes out first in the school.I stayed in a nice room in Qingdao. The window of the room opens to the sea.I like this new book very much. Its cover is designed by a friend of mine.In front of my village flows a small river. It is not polluted yet.Who is the gentleman? He is standing over there.第三讲 一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：16. The service should be improved. The students complain a lot about it. 17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.二、根据句子意思， 填入介词加关系代词1. The person _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.2. The pencil _ he was writing broke.4. The two things _ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.5. Her bag, _ she put all her books, has not been found.6. The stories about the Long March, _ this is one example, are well written.7. The ship, _ the Europeans sailed to the American continent, was called the Mayflower.8. The family _ I stayed in Rome is coming to England soon.9. He has written a book, the name _ I have completely forgotten.10. It is a family of eight children, all _ are studying music.11. Can you suggest a time _ it will be convenient to meet.12. The town, _ they came, was in the north of the province.13. The fur coat _ the lady was dressed was very expensive.14 The emperor, _ the palace was built, was very cruel.15. He had a dream _ he was taken to the amusement park.16. The money _ he bought the bike, was given by his grandfather.17. Ann White, _ we received the invitation, lives next door to us.18. The story, _ the film is based , is a true one.第四讲 一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：1. I still remember the day. We first met on the day.2. Is there any shop around? I can buy a pen in the shop.3. The year 1986 was important in history. The American astronauts first landed on the moon in this year. 5. The city is on the new railway line. I was born in this city.6. This is the reason. He left the company.第五讲e.g. This is the date _ were proud of.This is the date _ he was born.I will never forget the time _ we spent together.This is the factory _ my mother works.This is the factory _ we visited last week. A. when B. where C. which D. thatI dont believe the reason _ he gave for his decision.Another reason _ he made this decision is that he had to consider the feelings of others. 第六讲 填上合适的关系代词或关系副词A country is a nation _ has its own government, land and population.2. Ive looked the words up in the dictionary _ I borrowed from my teacher. 3. The man _have made much money do not know what to do with their money.4. We havent found a language _ would be accepted by people.5. He went to a friend _ knew a lot about money matters.6. Hand signs can be useful in places _ are very noisy and in places _ are very quiet.7. Mr Black would never forget the day _ he was bitterly punished. 8. The reason _ he did not buy the modern painting was that it was not a painting at all.9. The winter Olympics are always held in a mountainous country _ there is plenty of snow.10. The greeting “Good afternoon” is given to anyone _ you are passing quickly.11. Tom stop to speak someone _ makes an inquiry about friends.12. Adults sometimes envy children, _ can run out to play.13. Id like to borrow a book _ cover is blue.14. This is the very work _ Im after.15. I have the same book _ you lent me.16. Some soldiers arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _ sat a little boy.17. This is the shop _ sells books.18. This is the shop _ we can buy books.19. Ill never forget the day _ we once stayed together.20. Ill never forget the day _ we spent together.1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The en