小宝式驳论文.pdf

Argument Arranged by Scholes88 1 审题 分析逻辑结构 1min 2 开头 4mins 3 正文 7mins paragraph 4 结尾 3mins 5 检查 1 2mins 一 argument 写作特点 驳论文 驳的是 logic CAE coclusion assumption evidence 二 argument 整体结构 1 开头段 归纳 conclusion 指明逻辑错误个数 2 正文 分类攻击各个错误 独立与组合 可在一个错误段中加一句攻击一个小错误 3 结尾段 总结归纳 三 如何写开头段 发起攻击 CEF conclusion evidence flaw C 80 的题目结论在段首末句 10 在段中 10 先提出一个结论然后自己再攻击自己 的结论 四 开头写法 1 Merely based on the unfounded assumptions and dubious suspicious evidence the statement draws the conclusion that To substantiate support strengthen the conclusion the arguer points out the evidence that In addition he indicates that Furthermore he cites a result of recent survey in support of his recommendation At first glance sight this argument appears to seems to be somewhat convincing but further reflection reveals that it omits substantiate concerns that should be addressed in the argument From the logical perspective the argument suffers from N logical flaws 2 In this argument the author concluded that To support his conclusion the author points out that In addition he infers that Furthermore the arguer cites as a typical evidence in support of his recommendation However these alone do not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide convincing evidence making this argument sound and invulnerable 五 如何写正文段 顺序式攻击 1 2 3 主次式攻击 主要 次要 让步式攻击 逻辑排列 A 不成立 即使 A 成立 B 也不成立 即使 A B 都成立 C 还是不成立 六 正文段首句 1 The threshold problem with this argument is that 2 Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that 3 Before I come to my conclusion it is necessary to point out the last flaw involved in this argument 七 如何写结尾段 总结陈词 C S conclusion suggestion 八 结尾段的具体写法 To sum up this arguer fails to substantiate his claim that because the evidence he cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the argument maintains To make the argument more convincing the author would have to provide more information with regard to S1 Additionally he would have to demonstrate that S2 Therefore if the argument had included the given assumed factors discussed above it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable 九 各个逻辑错误 1 调查类错误 攻击体系 1 Procedure B Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum the survey results are not reliable to gauge access generally universally The number of responds samples in itself does not ensure representativeness For example if the samples includes only then the results would no doubt suggest Or if the grosses are considerable 1500 N would account for only little percentage which would render the result of the survey meaningless C We are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous even confidential if they were not 2 Result of survey A Do the statistics make any meaningfulness B Are the statistics misleadingly vague C Respondents 3 Who conducted the survey Cross bencher 第三方机构 Non aligned 客观的 4 When was the survey conducted A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published The less recent the survey it does the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels 5 调查类错误词汇 1 n survey questionnaire statistics statistical study sample specimen 样本 sampling randomness quantity quality statistic poll absolute value percentage validity statistic validity range spectrum scope 2 v select chose sample indagate 调查 采样 examine investigate scrutinize 仔细检查 comprise 3 adj valid authentic random quantitative statistical representative typical characteristic far ranging comprehensive extensive generally universally rifely 普遍的 2 充分条件类错误 充分类标志词 once will be going to 必要类标志词 only without necessary Ex The editor s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B However common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one A myriad of other factors including C or D might be the cause of B To be specific Without ruling out these and other possible causes the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by A can B 解决之后的转述 条件类错误必用词汇 1 n condition requirement necessity sufficient condition sufficiency outcome aftermath 2 v constitute establish suffice result in induce render exclude 3 adj sufficient necessary perforce adv 必要性 required 3 因果关系类错误 因果关系错误标志词 for cause reason since link correlation connection therefore and 时序性因果 because after this since then therefore consequent 攻击体系 Ex Based on the fact that A occurred after B the editor infers that B should be responsible for A However the sequence of these events in itself does not suffice 证明 to prove that the earlier development caused the later one It might have resulted from some other events instead C D E to just a few possibilities Without ruling out scenarios such as these the editor cannot establish a cause and effect relationship between A and B upon which the editor s recommendation depends 同时因果类错误 meanwhile also with during under over parallel 因果关系写作 n relation causation 因果联系 relevancy conjunction connection nexus 联系 association linkage v associate link connect relate to ignore neglect lose sight of adj Relation relevant causal related sequent traceable 4 范围变化类错误 表征现象 a 题干引言与正文现象之间的范围变化 b 正文内部论据与论据之间的范围 变化 标志词 Nationwide statewide throughout overall across average 一般是名词上的偷 换 1 攻击 概念错误 A threshold problem involves the definition of A The arguer fails to define this critical term If A is defined as B then C is irrelevant to In short without a clear definition of A it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument 2 攻击个体推整体 The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide 整体情况 If this is not the case then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方 上述个案的结果不会发生 相同的情况 Thus lacking more marketing information about nationwide it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo s recommendation 3 攻击整体推个体 One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group statistics about applies equally to 个体成员 Yet this might not be the case for a variety of possible reasons Perhaps or perhaps Without ruling out such possibilities the author cannot justifiably conclude that 4 范围变化类错误词汇 n scope localization diversity variety individual unit whole v extend expand broaden enlarge spread shrink 缩水 differentiate distinguish adj overall generally extensive 整体的 entire diverse dissimilar multiplex 多元的 5 考虑不全面错误 1 没有考虑正负得失 2 没有考虑可行性 标志词 profit profitable profitability Profit 错误体系 The author concludes that is unwarranted Profit is a factor relating to not only revenue but also cost It s entirely possible that the cost of A or other cost associated with B C will offset even outweigh the revenue Besides a myriad of other unexpected occurrences such as unfavorable economic depression might prevent from being as profitable as the argument predicts 考虑不全的词汇 n disadvantage drawback demerit advantage merit value worthiness pros and cons 正 反两面 revenue income gap proceeds 收入 profit margin gain cost feasibility 可行性 v consider balance weigh compare adj all round 全面的 all sided one sided 片面的 unilateral 片面的 6 时间外推类错误 1 过去 不可以 推出 将来 2 现在 不可以 推出 将来 标志词 Tow years age last year Trend tendency continue remain stay 体系 The author claims that 将来 because 过去 This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time There are likely all kinds of difference between 过去 and 将来 For example 将来 however 过去 Any of these scenarios if true would serve to undermine the claim that 词汇 n trend tendency direction fixedness diversification v forecast anticipate expect continue remain alter inflect shift shift from to transfer adj by past fore past 过去的 current present intending continued changeless unaltered variable 7 论据含糊 1 含有主观性词汇 promise guess 2 关联型 FA 词汇归纳 vague invalid void ill defined indistinct unclear 8 错误类比 1 FA 错误 2 不完整比较 3 横比 纵比 标志词 similar same nearby neighboring 两个行业名称 两个公司 两个国家 表征现象 题干引言 题目正文 题目正文 论据 结论 两错误叠加 体系 The arguer s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that in both A and B are similar However it is entirely possible that A 与 B 得差异 in short without accounting for such possible differences between A and B the arguer cannot prove that B will reap 收割 the similar benefits from the proposed me