广东高考英语 细节理解阅读技巧专项复习教案.doc

高考阅读1细节理解题step1 高考英语阅读理解细节题解题技巧点拨高考英语阅读理解部分考查的重点之一是考生对于文章细节信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。细节题的比重一般为五分之一,换句话说,高考英语阅读理解的五篇文章中,每篇文章都至少设有一道细节题。细节题主要考查考生对文章中阐述主题的细节与具体事实的把握能力,内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。细节题属于浅层理解题,难度较低,答案明确具体,考生一般可以从阅读材料中直接找到。因此,解答这类试题时,考生应快速阅读材料,抓住其大意后,迅速浏览考题,选定关键词,然后带着这些关键词,运用查读法,迅速查找相关信息,进而分析这些信息的结构和意义,理清逻辑关系,最后选出正确答案。 仔细研究高考英语真题,我们会发现,细节题主要是针对文章中的某个短语、某个从句或某个完整的句子而设置,其中又以针对句子设题的情况居多。下面我们将结合真题,具体分析细节题的命题思路、解题方法和技巧。 针对定语从句的关系词设题 我们知道,英语中的基本句型的语序大致上是固定不变的,但有些时候,由于表达的需要,某些句子的成分或位置会发生变化,如定语从句中的状语(关系副词)前移等。这种变化往往会令考生感到迷惑,于是命题者就常常利用这种变化设置考题。 例1:many years ago, when i was fresh out of school and working in denver, i was driving to my parents home in missouri for christmas. i stopped at a gas station (加油站) about 50 miles from oklahoma city, where i was planning to stop and visit a friend. while i was standing in line at the cash register (收款台), i said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. (2006年全国卷i,b篇) 60. the author planned to stop at oklahoma city _. a. to visit a friend b. to see his parents c. to pay or the cash register d. to have more gas for his car 例2:coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant landis easter island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, pitcairn island, and 2,300 miles west of south america. the mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. they had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures called moai, for which the island is most famous. (2003年全国卷,a篇) 57. which of the following is most famous for moai? a. tristan da cunha. b. pitcairn island. c. easter island. d. st. helena. 【技巧点拨】解答针对定语从句设置的细节题时,考生一定要认真分析句子结构,联系上下文,弄清楚关系词所指代的对象,准确答题。 针对易产生歧义的句子设题 除针对一些结构上比较特殊的句式设题之外,有些意义上容易令考生产生误解的语句也是命题者关注的重点。例如: in the restaurant there is probably nothing more annoying than a diner receiving or making a call near you when you are in a restaurant. the icy glares you receive should be warning that it is not appreciated. turn your phone off and use your message service to return calls after you leave. (2005年上海春季卷,b篇) 79. according to the passage, the most annoying thing in a restaurant is that _. a. you receive icy glares b. a nearby diner is answering a phone call c. you have to use the message serviced. you can not return calls until after you leave 英语中有许多难于理解的句子,下面略举几例: (1) 否定转移 they are not working hard at english only for themselves. 他们在努力学习英语,这样做并不仅仅是为了他们自己。 错误表达:they are working hard at english not only for themselves. (2) 全部否定与部分否定 全部否定:all germs are invisible to the naked eyes. 所有细菌都不能被肉眼所见。 部分否定:not all worms are visible to the naked eyes. 并不是所有的虫子都能被肉眼所见。 (3) 含有more than / no more . than的句子 the question is more than the boy is able to work out. 这个男孩是没有能力解出这道题的。 a family without love is no more a home than a body without soul is a man. 就像一个没有灵魂的躯体不能称之为人一样,一个没有爱的家庭就不能称之为家。 【技巧点拨】解答此类针对容易产生歧义或难以理解的句子设置的题型时,考生需结合平时积累的基础知识,反复推敲句意,“去伪存真”,判定句子在文中的准确意思之后再解题。 针对上下文或句间的逻辑关系设题 阅读理解文章中,有些句子间虽然没有明显的关联词,但却形成了逻辑上的因果关系、转折关系等,以及含有例证、引用等的句子,这些都可能成为命题人的设题点。 例1: * the left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. the right half controls the left side. * one half of the brain is always dominant (in charge). usually, the left brain is dominant, which is why 90% of people are right-handed. (2007年江苏卷,d篇) 70. from the passage, we know the reason why around 10% of people are left-handed is that _. a. their frontal lobe is usually dominant b. their temporal lobe is usually dominant c. their right brain is usually dominant d. their left brain is usually dominant 例2:jim suffered heart problems. in conversation he expressed little joy and it seemed that his life was drawing to a close. when his heart problems led to operation, jim went through it successfully, and a full recovery was expected. within days however, his heart was not beating properly. jim was rushed back to operation, but nothing was found to explain the cause of his illness. he died on the operating table on the day before his 48th birthday. (2007年四川卷,b篇) 59. jim was sent back to operation because _. a. his heart didnt work well b. he expected a full recovery c. his life was drawing to a close d. the first one wasnt well performed 例3:what will people die of 100 years from now? if you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology (生物技术). with the help of new medicine, the human body will last a very long time. death will come mainly from accidents murder and war. todays leading killers such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories. (2007年辽宁卷,a篇) 56. according to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by _. a. diseases and aging b. accidents and war c. accidents and aging d. heart disease and war 【技巧点拨】阅读理解题不同于单项选择题,句子并不是单独存在的,而是处于特定的语言环境中,与上下文相联系。因此,考生解题时不应拘泥于某个单句,而应“瞻前顾后”,注意整体联系,避免“以偏概全”,准确解题。 综上所述,阅读理解中的细节题主要是针对句子的关系词、长难句的句意或句与句之间的逻辑关系设置题目,考生只要学会分析与题干相关的信息,厘清其所在句子的结构,联系上下文准确理解句子的意思,定能轻松解答细节题。 (2011佛山一中月考题) in the earliest stages of mans development he had no more need of money than animals have. he was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. as he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. for these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. it was then that the question of payment arose. as men became more civilized they _. a. all learnt to make by themselves the things neededb. had to travel a lot to look for what they wantedc. wanted better things than those they themselves could provided. no longer provided food and clothing for themselves【答案及解析】 c从问题的关键词became more civilized出发，可以定位到文中与之相关的语句：as he became more civilized发现文中用he代替men, 后面的语句however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands 对应选项c，用themselves概括了his own neighborhood和of his own unskilled hands。 细节理解题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。这类试题一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。 一、提问方式这类题主要是针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问的。如：(1)which of the following statements is true / not true / false according to the passage?(2)in the passage, which of the following is mentioned / not mentioned?(3)all the following statements are true except _.二、解题技巧1. 高考试题中的细节理解题主要是通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“寻找题眼”，即从问题入手，找到问题中的题眼，有针对性地扫读短文，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述，围绕主旨深刻理解材料。2. 一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。但正确选项应当与主旨相关联。3. 如果问题中含有否定意义的词语，如有not, except等，要特别留心，不要理解错了，而选相反的答案。三、干扰选项的特点：1. 是原文信息，但是不是题目要求的内容；2. 符合常识，但不是文章内容；3. 与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度或范围上有些变动。细节理解题例1 【2008 重庆卷阅读d篇】 seeing a volcano erupt (喷发) is a wonderful experience, and you can really feel the beat by climbing to the summit(山顶) of pacaya for a close-up view. there are guided tours every day up this highly active volcano from antigua. giving travelers a chance to see mother nature at her most powerful.pacaya is an easy drive from antigua, a beautiful city with many colorful houses along its old streets that are turned into art-works during its holy week festival. no matter when you come to antigua, you wont miss the pacaya-tour companies.but climbing pacaya is no easy job: it is 2560 metres high, and reaching the summit takes two to three hours of seemingly one-step-forward and two-step-back movements. as you climb, you hear the dull sounds of eruptions high above. steaming. hot remains from recent eruptions begin to line the path as you near the active summit; the mckenney cone(火山锥). just as though you were going to walk over to the edge of the cone, the road turns to the left and up to the relative safety of the old, inactive summit.many tours are timed so that you arrive at the cone of the volcano in plenty of time for sunset and the full contrast between the erupting red lava(熔岩) and the darkening sky. on a good day the view from the summit is extremely exciting. the active mouth boils, sending red lava over its sides, and once in a while shoots hot streams up to 100 metres into the air. there is a strong bad smell in the air even if you take care to be upwind of the cone. as evening turns deeper into the night. the burning lava quietly falls down tae side of the volcano. for you, too, it is time to get down .69. antigua is a city .a. where people can enjoy cultural festivals b. where the daring pacaya tour startsc. that gives a close-up view of paraya d. that is famous for its tour companies 70. climbing to the mckenney cone, people will .a. walk directly to the active summit b. hear the continuous loud noise from abovec. make greater efforts than to other summits d. see a path lined with remains of earlier eruptions71. many tours are timed for people to .a. get down the mountain in time when night fallsb. avoid the smell from the upwind direction of the conec. enjoy the fantastic eruption against the darkening skyd. appreciate the scenery of the 2560-metre-high mountain例2 【2008 山东卷阅读b篇】federal regulators wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergence alert (警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.text messages have exploded in popularity in recent years, particularly among young people. the wireless industrys trade association, ctia, estimates（估计） more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.the plan comes from the warning alert and response network act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nations emergency alert system. the act tasked the federal communications commission (fcc) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.the ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the american public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies, fcc chairman kevin martin said following approval of the plan.participation in the alert system by carriers telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received solid support from the wireless industry.the program would be optional for cell phone users. they also may not be charged for receiving alerts.there would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.the first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a terrorist attack or natural disaster. the second would involve approaching threats, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. the third would be reserved for child abduction (绑架) emergencies, or so-called amber alerts.the service could be in place by 2010.62. the improvement to the present system is in the charge of _.a. ctia b. the warning alert and response network c. fcc d. federal regulators63. the carriers participation in the system is determined by _.a. the us federal government b. mobile phone usersc. the carriers themselves d. the law of the united states64. which of the following is true of cell phone users?a. they must accept the alert service. b. they may enjoy the alert service for free.c. they must send the alerts to others d. they may choose the types of messages65. an alert message will not be sent if _.a. a child loses his way. b. a university shooting happensc. a natural disaster happens d. a terrorist attack occursstep2综合练习一、 完形填空in britain, people have different attitudes to the police. most people generally 1 them and the job they do - although there are certain people who do not believe that the police should have the power that they do.what does a policeman actually do? it is not a (n) 2 job to describe. after all, a policeman has a number of jobs in one. a policeman often has to control traffic, either on foot in the center of a town, or in a police car on the roads. indeed, in britain, he might be in the traffic police and spend all, or a lot of, his time 3 up and down main roads and motorways. a traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving, stop 4 motorists and help when there is an accident.a policeman has to help keep the 5 , too. if there is a fight or some other disturbance, we 6 the police to come and restore order. and they often have to 7 situation at great risk to their own 8 . we expect the police to solve crimes, of course, so an ordinary policeman, 9_ he is not a detective (侦探), will often have to help 10 and arrest criminals. and who do we call when there is an emergency - an air crash, a 11 , a road accident, or a robbery? we call the police. so a policeman has to be 12 to face any unpleasant emergency that may happen in the 13 world. the police do an absolutely necessary job. they do it 14 well and i support them, but i do not envy policemen. i do not think that i could 15 do the job of a policeman. 1. a. dislike b. join c. appreciate d. admire2. a. funny b. pleasant c. interesting d. easy3. a. walking b. driving c. wandering d. searching4. a. resting b. tired c. speeding d. drunken5. a. peace b. silence c. situation d. condition6. a. wait for b. call c. think of d. expect7. a. turn to b. avoid c. deal with d. treat8. a. safety b. families c. future d. friends9. a. although b. as if c. however d. even if10. a. get rid of b. question c. look for d. sentence11. a. power failure b. fire c. thunder storm d. thief12. a. provided b. promised c. prepared d. presented13. a. future b. modern c. real d. whole14. a. extremely b. specially c. surprisingly d. particularly15. a. hardly b. forever c. ever d. never二、语法填空there are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. we can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings. a man _16_(fold) the newspaper, and seconds later, _17_appears as if he is trying to eat it. or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger_18_(sit) next to him. another place where unplanned short sleep goes on is in the lecture hall_19_a student will start snoring（打鼾）so_20_(loud) that the professor has to ask another student to keep the sleeper awake. _21_more embarrassing situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the weight of the head pushes the arm off the desk, and the _22_(move) carries the rest of the body along. the student wakes up on the floor _23_ no memory of getting there. the worst time to fall asleep is when driving. police reports are full of accidents that occur when people fall into sleep and go_24_the road. if the drivers are lucky, they are not seriously hurt. when people are really tired,_25_will stop them from falling asleep - wherever they are.三、写作训练第一节 基础写作: 人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。赞成的理由反对的理由你的看法1广交朋友2可自由表达思想3利于外语学习1浪费时间2影响学习3可能上当受骗1-2 点there are different opinions about (different people have different opinions on) whether the students should make friends online. some people hold the opinion that the internet helps to make friends and by chatting online, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions. whats more (besides / in addition), they can help them with their foreign language studies. however, other people hold the opposite opinion that it will take students a lot of time to make friends online, so it will have a negative influence on their study and worse still / whats worse, they may get cheated by online friends. as for me, i think that students should be allowed to make friends online but should also continue to concentrate on their studies. (as far as i am concerned, students can make friends online by making a good balance between study and relaxation.) it is my opinion that students should place their studies, health and safety before other things and if they desire to find good friends, they can make friends with those people around them. (in my opinion, it is not good for students to make friends online.) as you know, students should focus on their studies rather than spend their valuable time on their unimportant things.第二节 读写任务： 写一篇记叙文，描写你或你的朋友遭遇困境的一次经历，并包括以下要点：1）叙述你或你的朋友曾经遭遇的某个困境； 2）你或你的朋友是如何对待困难的；3）你或你的朋友的态度对解决问题起了什么作用？ attitude is everythingthe passage mainly tells us that michaels life style is always positive, so he is always cheerful. he says whether one is in a good mood or in a bad one depends on ones choice. its attitude that really matters.attitude is very important to deal with the difficulties in our life. the passage reminds me of a similar experience. when i