被动语态和定语从句.doc

中考英语主动语态变被动语态被动语态由“助动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上，同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。在将主动语态变为被动语态时，可按以下三个步骤：a.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。b.把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) ，并根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。c.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by短语可以省略。例如：All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory.含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语，直接宾语(指物)不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语，间接宾语(指人)不变，这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。例如：My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后，to仍要保留。例如：We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once.It should be done at once.练习 将下列句子变为被动语态：1. We often sing this song._2. He broke his leg in the match._3. She will sell her house soon._4. He is repairing the machine._5. He has finished his work._6. We call him Lao Wang._7. We must do something to help her._8. What did you say at the meeting?_9. He gave me some old magazines._10. He told me to wait at the gate._【参考答案】1. This song is often sung.2. His leg was broken in the match.3. Her house will be sold soon.4. The machine is being repaired.5. His work has been finished.6. He is called Lao Wang.7. Something must be done to help her.8. What was said at the meeting?9. I was given some old magazines.10. I was told to wait at the gate。中考英语定语从句考点和练习中考对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1、定语从句的功用和结构2、关系代词和关系副词的功用3、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。【名师精讲】一. 定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?I still remember the night when I first came to the village?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2.作宾语She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3.作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4.作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7. where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.四.关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面如：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the roomwhich we had lived in for ten years.五.具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1.只能使用that,不用which的情况：(1)先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything等不定代词时。例如：All that he said is true.(2)先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2.只能用which，不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从中。例如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.【中考范例】1. (2004年哈尔滨中考试题)-Does the teacher know everybody _ planted the trees?-Yes, he does.A. which B. whose C. where D. who【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。2. (2004年常州市中考试题)The letter _ I received from him yesterday is very important.A. who B. where C. what D. that【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。3. (2004年扬州市中考试题)-Where is the scientist _ gave us the talk yesterday?-He has gone back to Qinghua University.A. whom B. who C. whose D. which【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。4. (2004年益阳市中考试题)I hate people _ talk much but do little.A. whose B. whom C. which D. who【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。【满分演练】一.单项填空1. -Who is the man _ was talking to our English teacher?-Oh! Its Mr. Baker, our maths teacher.A. he B. that C. whom D. which2. I hate the people _ dont help others when they are in trouble.A. who B. which C. they D. where3. The foreigner _ visited our school is from Canada.A. which B. when C. who D. whom4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _ loved climbing.A. who B. whom C. he D. which5. This is the place _I have ever visited.A. there B. when C. where D. which6. Nobody knows the reason _ she didnt come to the meeting.A. that B. which C. why D. when7. The moon is a world _ there is no life.A. that B. which C. where D. why8. He has forgotten the day _ he arrived.A. when B. where C. that D. which9. He still remembers the days _ he spent with your family.A. when B. where C. that D. on which10. Mr. White, _ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.A. who B. that C. whose D. which11. He got to the village _ his family once lived before liberation.A. that B. which C. when D. where12. This is the house _ I want to buy.A. in which B. that C. whose D. where13. This is the house _ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked.A. which B. that C. when D. where14. He didnt tell me the place _ he was born.A. that B. which C. when D. where15. He lived in a small village, _ was a long way from the railway station.A. that B. which C. where D. when二. 用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The foreign visitors live there.4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her.5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.10. I spoke to the man. The man is a professor.三. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1. The house _ we live in is very big.2. The boy _ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.3. This is the present _ he gave me for my birthday.4. The man _ talked to you just now is an engineer.5. He talked about the teachers and schools _ he had visited.6. There is nothing in the world _ can frighten him.7. She wears a gold ring, _ is very uncommon in our class.8. We visited a factory _ makes toys fo