SPICE仿真基础.doc

1 概览2 SPICE仿真概览3 SPICE仿真回顾4 SPICE仿真模型5 基础SPICE仿真模型参数6 高级SPICE仿真模型参数7 SPICE仿真选项8 SPICE仿真控制语句9 SPICE仿真源类型与参数10 Connexions网站上的SPICE仿真课程11 SPICE仿真用户指南概览NI公司的SPICE仿真基础系列是您了解电路仿真的免费互联网资源。该系列是一组关于SPICE仿真、OrCAD pSPICE仿真、SPICE建模以及电路仿真中其他概念的指南和信息。 该系列分解成多篇深入详细的文档，提供了关于SPICE仿真的重要概念和细节的“如何”信息。电路仿真对于任何一种设计过程都是一个重要的组成部分。通过仿真您的电路，您可以在过程的早期发现错误，并避免代价昂贵的、极为耗时的重新进行原型构造的工作。您也可以方便地更换部件以评估不同材料（BOM）的设计方案。 NI Multisim是一个易于使用的、功能强大的、灵活的SPICE仿真环境的范例，它支持教师们教授电路理论，并允许工程师们快速进行拓扑结构设计。SPICE仿真概览目录1 Overview2 SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)3 SPICE Simulation Models and Netlists4 A Tradeoff Between Speed and Accuracy5 Using SPICE Simulation6 Learning MoreOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOW TO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)SPICE is a computer simulation and modeling program used by engineers to mathematically predict the behavior of electronics circuits. Developed at the University of California at Berkeley, SPICE can be used to simulate circuits of almost all complexities. However, SPICE is generally used to predict the behavior of low to mid frequency (DC to around 100MHz) circuits.SPICE Simulation Models and NetlistsSPICE has the ability to simulate components ranging from the most basic passive elements such as resistors and capacitors to sophisticated semiconductor devices such as MESFETs and MOSFETs. Using these intrinsic components as the basic building blocks for larger models, designers and chip manufacturers have been able to define a truly vast and diverse number of SPICE models. Most commercially available simulators include more than 15,000 different components.The quality of SPICE models can vary, and not all SPICE models are applicable to every application. It is important to consider this when using the models supplied with a SPICE simulation package. Using a SPICE model inappropriately can lead to inaccurate results, or even generate an error in some circumstances. One of the most common errors made by even seasoned engineers is confusing a SPICE model with a PSPICE model. PSPICE is a commercially available program that uses proprietary languages to define components and models.A circuit must be presented to SPICE in the form of a netlist. The netlist is a text description of all circuit elements such as transistors and capacitors, and their corresponding connections. Modern schematic capture and simulation tools such as Multisim allow users to draw circuit schematics in a user-friendly environment, and automatically translate the circuit diagrams into netlists. Consider as an example the simple voltage divider circuit below. We include both netlist and corresponding circuit schematic.Voltage Divider Netlist* Any text after the asterisk * is ignored by SPICE* Voltage DividervV1 1 0 12rR1 1 2 1000rR2 2 0 2000.OP * perform a DC operating point analysis.ENDVoltage Divider SchematicA Tradeoff Between Speed and AccuracyAlthough the SPICE models used in a SPICE simulation can greatly affect the accuracy of the results, simulation settings also contribute to varying degrees of accuracy. SPICE simulation options generally allow the user to gain more accuracy in the results at the cost of the speed of the simulation.To understand the tradeoff between speed and accuracy in SPICE simulation one must consider a number of factors. SPICE simulation was created over 30 years go and around that time a typical computer had less power than the average microwave oven did thirty years later. Computing power was very expensive. The simulation of a circuit to the highest degree of accuracy could have taken longer and cost more money than building the actual circuit to see the results. Also, consider that the broad purpose of circuit simulation is to augment basic hand calculations and predict general circuit behavior. With these considerations in mind, the designers of SPICE created a program that could produce reasonably accurate results in a cost-effective manner. They also included many options to allow engineers to customize the accuracy of a simulation.As computing power has increased exponentially over the years, so have the complexity of circuit designs being simulated. Speed and accuracy are still important factors to consider when simulating circuits. Using SPICE SimulationSPICE Simulation by itself can be used as a command line or text-based simulation tool. However, to effectively manage large and complex designs that span from simulation through to PCB layout and routing, several commercial software tools have been built around SPICE and XSPICE including Multisim. Included in Multisim is a graphical user interface to allow quick and efficient schematic capture, and interactive simulation. Learning MoreTo learn more about SPICE simulation, please see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals home page.SPICE仿真回顾目录1 Overview2 SPICE Simulation History3 ReferencesOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).SPICE simulation has been used for over thirty years to accurately predict the behavior of electronic circuits. Over the years the many revisions of SPICE have seen improvements in both accuracy and speed. In addition to these improvements, additions to the language have allowed simulation and modeling of more complex integrated circuits including MOSFETs. SPICE Simulation HistorySimulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis, or SPICE, has been used for over thirty years. The original implementation of SPICE was developed at the University of California Berkeley campus in the late 1960s. SPICE was developed largely as a derivative of CANCER (Computer Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits, Excluding Radiation) also developed by UC Berkeley.The first widely used version of SPICE was announced in Waterloo, Canada in 1973. Shortly thereafter SPICE was adopted by nearly all major engineering institutions throughout North America. SPICE has evolved into the academic and industry standard for analog and mixed-mode circuit simulation.Over the years additional simulation algorithms, component models, bug fixes, and capabilities were added to the program. Even today SPICE is still the most widely used circuit simulator in the world and as of 2006 the latest version is SPICE 3F5.XSPICE was developed at Georgia Tech as an extension to the SPICE language. XSPICE allows behavioral modeling of components which can drastically improve the speeds of mixed-mode and digital simulations. Multisim from National Instruments is based on SPICE 3F5 and XSPICE and provides additional convergence and speed improvements to complement these powerful simulation languages. ReferencesThe SPICE Book, Andrei Vladimirescu, 1994 John Wiley & SonsThe Life of SPICE, Laurence W. Nagel, 1996SPICE仿真模型目录1 Overview2 What is a SPICE Simulation Model?3 Model Makers4 Where to look for SPICE Simulation modelsOverviewThe National Instruments SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs).An important key to performing accurate and successful SPICE simulation is to use high quality SPICE models. While most circuit simulation packages such as Multisim come with thousands of components and SPICE simulation models, frequently designers need to use a part that does not exist in the available database. When these situations arise, the software tool will typically have a way of adding custom components and models to the database. Multisim for example has a detailed component creation wizard that will guide designers through the process of defining custom parts for simulation and PCB layout (See Creating Custom Components in Multisim). What is a SPICE Simulation Model?A SPICE model is a text-description of a circuit component used by the SPICE Simulator to mathematically predict the behavior of that part under varying conditions. SPICE models range from the simplest one line descriptions of a passive component such as a resistor, to extremely complex sub-circuits that can be hundreds of lines long.SPICE models should not be confused with pSPICE models. pSPICE is a proprietary circuit simulator provided by OrCAD. While some pSPICE models are compatible with SPICE, there is no guarantee. SPICE is the most widely used circuit simulator, and is an open standard. Model MakersSome SPICE simulation programs such as Multisim include model makers to automatically generate SPICE models for various components. Multisim version 10.1 has 24 SPICE Model makers. Where to look for SPICE Simulation modelsThe best place to look for SPICE models is to browse the vendor or manufacturers website. Listed below are some of the most popular chip vendors that supply SPICE models on their website.Vendor DescriptionAnalog DevicesAmplifiers and Comparators, Analog to Digital Converters, Digital to Analog Converters, Embedded Processing & DSP, MEMS and Sensors, RF/IF Components, Switches/Multiplexers, Analog Microcontrollers, Interface, Power and Thermal ManagementAnalog and RF ModelsAnalog and RF ModelsApex MicrotechnologyLinear Amplifiers, PWM AmplifiersChristophe BassoSwitch-mode power suppliesCoilcraft, Inc.Power Magnetics, RF Inductors, EMI / RFI Filters, Broadband MagneticsDirected EnergyDiodes, Switch-mode MOSFETs, HF / VHF Linear MOSFETs, MOSFET Driver ICsDuncan AmpsAmplifiers, Vacuum tubesFairchild SemiconductorsAmplifiers & Comparators, Diodes & Rectifiers, Interfaces, Digital Logic Devices, Signal Conversion, Voltage to Frequency Converters, Microcontroller, Optoelectronics, Switches, Power Controllers, Power Drivers, Transistors, Filters, Voltage RegulatorsInfineon Technologies AGFiber Optics, Microcontrollers, Power Semiconductors, Small Signal DiscretesInternational RectifierHEXFET Power MOSFETs, Diodes, Bridges, Thyristors, Relays, High Voltage ICs, Intelligent Power Modules, Intelligent Power Switch, HiRel Power MOSFETs, HiRel High Voltage Gate DriversKemet Home PageSurface-mount capacitors in aluminum, ceramic and tantalum and leaded capacitors in ceramic and tantalumLinear TechnologySignal Conditioning, Data Conversion, Power Management, Interfacing, High Freuqency & OpticalMaximAmplifiers and Comparators, Analog Switches and Multiplexers, Clocks, Counters, Delay Lines, Oscillators, RTCs, Data Converters, Sample-and-Holds, Digital Potentiometers, Fiber and Communications, Filters (Analog), High-Frequency ASICs, Hot-Swap and Power Switching, Interface and Interconnect, Memories: Volatile, NV, Multi-Function, Thermal Management, Sensors, Sensor Conditioners, Voltage References, Wireless, RF, and CableNational SemiconductorAmplifiers,Power Management, Temp Sensors, Interface, LVDS, Ethernet, USB Technologies, Micro SMDON SemiconductorPower Management, Amplifiers, Comparators, Analog Switches, Thyristors, Diodes, Rectifiers, Bipolar Transistors, FETs, Standard Logic, Differential Logic,PhilipsAnalog/Linear, Audio, Automotive, Connectivity, Data/Media/Video processing, Discretes, Displays, Interface and control, Logic, Microcontrollers, Power and power management, RF, SensorsPolyfetPolyfet transistorsProtekTransient Voltage SuppressionSMPS Power SuppliesSwitch-mode power supply simulationSMPS TechnologySwitch-mode power supply designSupertexMixed signal semiconductor, High-voltage interface productsSTMicroelectronicsAmplifiers & Linear,Analog & Mixed Signal ICs, Diodes, EMI Filtering & Conditioning, Logic, Signal Switch, Memories, Microcontrollers, Power Management, Protection Devices, Sensors, Smartcard ICs, Thyristors & AC Switches, TransistorsTexas InstrumentsBuffers, Drivers and Transceivers, Flip-Flops, Latches and Registers, Gates, Counters, Decoders/Encoders/Multiplexers, Digital ComparatorsTyco Electronics (formerly Amp)Electromechanical components, passive components, power sources, RF & Microwave productsVishayManufacturer of analog switches, capacitors, diodes, inductors, integrated modules, power ICs, LEDs, power MOSFETs, resistors and thermistors.ZetexDC-DC boost controllers, Voltage references, Current monitors, Motor control, Acoustar audio solutions, Linear regulators基础SPICE仿真模型参数目录1 Overview2 Basic SPICE Simulation Devices3 SPICE Model SyntaxOverviewThe National Instrument SPICE Simulation Fundamentals series is your free resource on the internet for learning about circuit simulation. The series is a set of tutorials and information on SPICE simulation, OrCAD pSPICE compatibility, SPICE modeling, and other concepts in circuit simulation.For more information, see the SPICE Simulation Fundamentals main page.The series is divided among a number of in-depth detailed articles that will give you HOWTO information on the important concepts and details of SPICE simulation.Circuit simulation is an important part of any design process. By simulating your circuits, you can detect errors early in the process, and avoid costly and time consuming prototype reworking. You can also easily swap components to evaluate designs with varying bills of materials (BOMs). Basic SPICE Simulation DevicesSPICE includes several different types of electrical components that can be simulated. These range from simple resistors, to sophisticated MESFETs. The table below lists these components and their SPICE syntax. SPICE Model SyntaxParameters in angular parentheses are optional. If left unspecified, the default SPICE parameter values will be used. ResistorsSyntaxRname n1 n2 valueExampleRin 2 0 100Notesn1 and n2 are the two element nodes. Value is the resistance (in ohms) and may be positive or negative but not zero. Semiconductor ResistorsSyntaxRname n1 n2 ExampleRload 3 7 RMODEL L=10u W=1uNotesThis is the more general form of the resistor and allows the modeling of temperature effects and for the calculation of the actual resistance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications of the process. CapacitorsSyntaxCname n+ n- value ExampleCout 13 0 1UF IC=3VNotesn+ and n- are the positive and negative element nodes, respectively. Value is the capacitance in Farads. The (optional) initial condition is the initial (time-zero) value of capacitor voltage (in Volts). Semiconductor CapacitorsSyntaxCname n1 n2 ExampleCfilter 3 7 CMODEL L=10u W=1uNotesThis is the more general form of the Capacitor and allows for the calculation of the actual capacitance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications of the process. InductorsSyntaxLname n+ n- value ExampleLSHUNT 23 51 10U IC=15.7MANotesn+ and n- are the positive and negative element nodes, respectively. Value is the inductance in Henries. The (optional) initial condition is the initial (time-zero) value of inductor current (in Amps) that flows from n+, through the inductor, to n-. Coupled (Mutual) InductorsSyntaxKname Lname1 Lname2 valueExampleKin L1 L2 0.87NotesLname1 and Lname2 are the names of the two coupled inductors, and VALUE is the coefficient of coupling, K, which must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1. SwitchesSyntaxSname n+ n- nc+ nc- Mname Wname n+ n- VNAM MnameL ExamplesSwitch1 1 2 10 0 smodel1W1 1 2 vclock switchmod1NotesNodes n+ and n- are the nodes between which the switch