英国文学史复习大纲.doc

History and anthology of English literature:(altogether 7 topics, this semester 6 topics; 5th-1900, over 1400 years) The Old English and Middle English period (Chapter 1, 2) The Elizabethan age (Chapters 3, 4) The 17th century (Chapter 5) The classic 18th century (Chapters 6,7,8) The Romantic period (Chapters 9, 10) The Victorian age (Chapters 11-18) The 20th century (Chapters 19-26) The Old English and Middle English period (5th -1066, 1066-1557)1 the Old English period Beowulf：*pagan heroism异教徒的英雄主义and fatalism宿命论are mingled with Christian qualities.*The poets hope that the evil should be punished, and the righteous will be rewarded.*Its a heroic Scandinavian epic legend told in the English language.literary terms: epic, alliteration2 the Middle English periodliterary term: romanceGeoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury TalesChaucerchosethemetricalformwhichlaidthefoundationoftheEnglishtonico-syllabicverse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。首创heroiccouplet英雄双行体 The Elizabethan age (1558-1625)- a golden age of poetry and drama-the age of English Renaissance 1 Poetry:*Philip Sidney / Astrophel and Stella love romance 爱星者和星星，表达了他初恋时的激情以及如何经过斗争，克制自己，献身于公职。it was after Sidneys Astrophel and Stella that the sonnet sequence十四行诗系列 became popular in England. It inspired other Elizabethan poets, including Shakespeare, to write similar sequences.*Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queen UsingSpenserianStanza = abab bcbc c /allegory 讽喻*Shakespeare: 154 sonnets, Sonnet 18Literary term: sonnet: a lyric poem containing fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter lyric: iambic pentameter 2 Drama: “University Wits” 大学精英*Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗马洛: 把blankverse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了无韵体诗。）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧*William Shakespeare: four greatest tragedies Hamlet: “To be, or not to be” MacbethFourTragedies:哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗;李尔王; 麦克白Literary terms: monologuesoliloquy Monologue（独白） A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking. Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Brownings “My Last Duchess”.*Ben Jonson本琼生狐狸 the love of money is the root of all evil 炼金师Literary term: “three unities” classical unities三一律 三一律规定剧本创作必须遵守时间、地点和行动（情节）的一致，即一部剧本只允许写单一的故事情节，戏剧行动必须发生在一天之内和一个地点。法国古典主义戏剧理论家布瓦洛把它解释为“要用一地、一天内完成的一个故事从开头直到末尾维持着舞台充实。”3 Prose:Thomas More托马斯莫尔14781535: Utopia ju:tupi 乌托邦Francis Bacon : ThefirstEnglishessayist58 essays, Of Studies 培根随笔集-论学习The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. The 17th century -the age of Revolution and Restoration -literary mood: gloomy, pessimistic-changes of literary taste -“four Johns”: John Donne, John Milton, John Dryden, John Bunyan 1 Poetry:John Donne-the representative of the Metaphysical School ：（主题：love,religious,thought） Artisticfeatures:1.conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻2.syllogism三段论John Milton: Paradise Lost epic2 Drama:*comedy of manners 风俗喜剧/ the more realistic and often satirical comedy of the Restoration period./ Satire is its main attraction. / presented rather than real life indivuals.*John Dryden: “prune and trim” the Elizabethan language “the father of English criticism” (by Samuel Johnson)3 Prose:John Bunyan: The Pilgrims Progress天路历程 allegory讽喻与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作 The classic 18th century -the age of Enlightenment Three main divisions:1 Neoclassicism 新古典主义heroic couplet (poetry)three unities (drama)Literary term: heroic couplet: lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc)英雄双韵体在英语诗歌史上，双韵体诗由乔叟最先启用，后经斯宾塞，马洛等人发展，再由德莱顿弘扬，最后经蒲柏的完善扩充，形式更为整齐优美，节奏更跌宕变化。这种“英雄双韵体”在诗歌艺术中达到了神韵独步千古的境界，成为英国诗歌史上的最高成就。two representatives of Neoclassicism: *Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏（英国诗人）: Essay on Man双韵体长诗论人1）（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“heroiccouplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）2）AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment，PopewasoneofthefirsttointroduceRationalism理性主义toEngland.*Samuel Johnson: 英语大辞典A Dictionary of the English Language 2 Pre-romanticism 前浪漫主义/ 新古典主义后期*Thomas Gray格雷 英国18世纪重要抒情诗人: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓畔挽歌*William Blake威廉布雷克（英国诗人和画家）: Songs of Innocence Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildrenseye. “TheChimneySweeper”seeshissituationthroughtheeyesofinnocenceanddoesnotunderstandthesocialinjustice.Songs of Experience Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes./ theboyinthepoemseestheinjusticeandspeaksagainsttheestablishmentsthatlefthimwhereheis.总：neitherinnocencenorexperienceisacorrectviewandthatonecompletestheother.*Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯: A Red, Red Rose (Scottish national poet, mixture of English and Scottish dialect)苏格兰农民诗人，诗人生活在破产的农村，和贫苦的农民血肉相连。他的诗歌歌颂了故国家乡的秀美，抒写了劳动者纯朴的友谊和爱情。3 the rise of English novel *Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福: Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记heisthefounderofrealisticnovel. 十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人*Jonathan Swift: Gullivers Travels格列佛游记HenryFielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle. The Romantic period (17981837)Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividualsmind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)-a great period for poetryNeoclassicism vs. Romanticism 1 the Lake Poets (the Lakers) 湖畔诗人（英国18世纪末到19世纪初浪漫主义诗歌流派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集William WordsworthSamuel Coleridge kulrid 柯勒律治他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。他们喜爱大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。William Wordsworth: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud“All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” The World Is Too Much With Us page41他认为“所有的好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露”（poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings）Wordsworth illustrates through his sonnet that while man is consistently 始终surrounded by material goods and possessions, it is nature in its purity and inability to be owned that the soul is truly inspired2 the Satanic School George Byron: Don Juan She Walks in Beauty“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannical专横的rulesormoralprinciples.Percy Shelley珀西雪莱: Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Theme:thedramacelebratesmansvictoryovertyrannyandoppressionOde to the West Wind 西风颂John Keats约翰济慈: Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂（济慈诗歌）Ode to aNightingale 夜莺颂“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。 The Victorian age (18371901)-a golden age of novel1 Poetry:Robert Browning勃郎宁: My Last Duchess “dramatic monologue”戏剧独白2 Drama:Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德: the “Aesthetic Movement” ArtforArtsSake 唯美主义文艺思潮Bernard Shaw (英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）criticalrealisticdramatist: Pygmalion pimeiljn 卖花女（英国萧伯纳之作品人物）3 Novel: critical realismJane Austen: Pride and Prejudicefemale voice Sense and SensibilityCharlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特: Jane EyreEmily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特: Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄George Eliot乔治艾略特 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 Charles Dickens: David Copperfield; Great Expectations William Thackeray萨克雷: Vanity Fair 名利场 Thomas Hardy小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment: Tess of the DUrbervilles德伯家的苔丝 Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration德伯家的苔丝是哈代的代表作，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。Works to study in detail: 1William ShakespeareHamlets soliloquy; Macbeth; Sonnet 18; 2 Francis BaconOf Studies; 3 Robert BurnsA Red, Red Rose; 4 William BlakeThe Chimney Sweeper;5 William WordsworthI Walked Lonely as a Cloud; 我好似一朵流云独自漫游又叫云中漫步The World is Too Much with Us; page416 George ByronShe Walks in Beauty; 7Jane AustenPride and Prejudice; 8Jonathan SwiftGullivers Travels, 9DickensGreat Expectations远大前程（狄更斯的经典名著）IWanderedLonelyasaCloudByWilliamWordsworth1Iwanderedlonelyasacloud我好似一朵孤独的流云,（Simile）Thatfloatsonhighoervalesandhills,高高地飘游在山谷之上,（Simile）WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,突然我看见一大片鲜花,（Personification/Metaphor）Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;是金色的水仙遍地开放,Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,它们开在湖畔,开在树下,（alliteration）Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.它们随风嬉舞,随风波荡。（Personification/Metaphor2Continuousasthestarsthatshine它们密集如银河的星星,Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,像群星在闪烁一片晶莹;（一二两行Simile/hyperbole）Theystretchedinnever-endingline它们沿着海湾向前伸展,Alongthemarginofabay:通往远方仿佛无穷无尽;（三四两行Simile/hyperbole）TenthousandsawIataglance,一眼看去就有千朵万朵,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.万花摇首舞得多么高兴。（personification）表明了美丽的水仙花开遍大地,显示出它们旺盛的生命力vitality,同时也暗示了诗人对人生价值的渴求以及对美好生活的向往。3Thewavesbesidethemdanced;butthey粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳,（personification）Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:却不如这水仙舞得轻俏;（personification）Apoetcouldnotbutbegay；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴,Insuchajocundcompany;又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃;Igazedandgazedbutlittlethought我久久凝视却未领悟Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:.这景象所给