外文翻译--摩擦片式离合器简介

摩擦片式离合器简介离合器是汽车的重要组成部分，是汽车传动部分核心部件它的性能指标的好坏直接关系到汽车整体的质量，因而对其性能的测定有着十分重要的意义。本文介绍了摩擦盘式离合器的主要结构和工作原理，概述了摩擦盘离合器实验台的作用、基本组成和工作原理；进行了摩擦盘离合器实验台的方案和结构设计，主要包括离合器组件的选择、实验台架设计、零部件的布置、动力选择、传感器的选择和有关参数测量与计算。一、汽车离合器的作用离合器位于发动机和变速箱之间的飞轮壳内，用螺钉将离合器总成固定在飞轮的后平面上，离合器的输出轴就是变速箱的输入轴。驾驶员行驶 要 离合器 ， 发动机与变速箱 分离和 接合， 传 发动机 变速器输入的动力。、 汽车平 汽车 于，发动机与变速箱是性currency1接的，一“上，汽车将于fi接上动力fi fl， 成机件的 ，而动力 ”汽车 fl的 性力， 发动机速 而。在 用离合器 将发动机和变速箱分离，fi后离合器 接合，于离合器的主动部分与动部分之间 在着的 ， 离合器传出的零 ，而汽车的动力 ，而 汽车平 。、 于 汽车行驶 ， 用 的变速箱位， 变 的行驶 件。 有离合器将发动机与变速箱 分离，变速箱 合的传力轮因 有 ，其 合面间的 力 而于分 。一对 合轮因 速 而于 合。 行进入 合 的 fl ，坏机件。用离合器 发动机和变速箱 分离后进行 ，原 合的一对轮因 ， 合面间的 力，就 分 。而 合的一对轮，于主动轮与发动机分 后动 量 ，用合 的 动作就能 合的轮 速 接 ，而 轻轮间的fl 。3、防传动系 汽车紧制动 ，车轮fi速，而与发动机 currency1的传动系于旋的 性，仍 持原有速，这往往在传动系统远于发动机的 性， 传动系的零件 坏。于离合器是靠擦力传 的，所 当传动系内 超 擦力所能传 的 ，离合器的主、动部分就自动打，因而 到了防传动系 的作用。、摩擦片式离合器1、离合器的功用与要求：（1）功用1） 发动机与传动系 接合， 汽车平 。2） 发动机与传动系的联系， 于发动机的 动和变速器的 ， 传动系 工作平顺。3）限制所传 ，防传动系 (2)对离合器的要求：1）具有合 的储备能力。既能 传 发动机最，又能防传动系 。2）接合平顺柔和， 汽车平 3）分离迅速彻底， 于 和发动机 动。4）具有良好的散热能力。5）操纵轻 ， 轻驾驶员的疲劳。6）动部分的动 量 尽量, 的fl 。2、摩擦片式离合器工作原理（1）离合器的组成主动部分、动部分、 紧装置、分离机构和操纵机构（2）离合器的工作原理（视频）1）接合：弹簧将 盘、飞轮及动盘互 紧，发动机的 飞轮及 盘通 摩擦面的摩擦力传至动盘。2）分离 ： ，套在动盘毂槽 的拨叉， 推动动盘” 紧弹簧的 力右移而与飞轮分离，摩擦力消失，而 了动力传动。3）接合 ：缓慢 抬 离合器 ， 动盘在 紧弹簧 力作用 左移与飞轮恢复接触， 接触面间的 力 加，的摩擦力 加，离合器完全打、部分打，直至完全接合。3、摩擦离合器主要类型1）按动盘数目分为：单片式、双片式、多片式。 轿车和轻 型货车一般用单片式2）按 紧弹簧的型式与布置分：布弹簧式、 央弹簧式、膜片弹簧式3、摩擦片式离合器的构（一）摩擦片式离合器的基本构 摩擦片式离合器一般主动部分、动部分、 紧机构和操纵机构四部分组成。 1、主动部分 主动部分包括飞轮、离合器盖、 盘 机件组成。这部分与发动机曲轴currency1在一 。离合器盖与飞轮靠螺栓currency1接， 盘与离合器盖之间是靠34个传动片传 的。2、动部分 动部分是单片、双片 多片动盘所组成，它将主动部分通摩擦传的动力传给变速器的输入轴。动盘动盘本体，摩擦片和动盘毂三个基本部分组成。为了 动方 的共振，缓和传动系受到的fl ，多数汽车都在离合器的动盘上附装有震器。 为了 汽车能平 ，离合器 能柔和接合，这就 要动盘在轴 具有一定弹性。为此，往往在动盘本体园 部分，沿径和 槽。再将分割形成的扇形部分沿 翘曲成波浪形，两侧的两片摩擦片分别与其对 的凸 部分 铆接，这样动盘被 缩 ， 紧力随翘曲的扇形部分被 平而 ，而达到接合柔和的效。 3、振器 离合器接合 ，发动机发出的 飞轮和 盘传给了动盘两侧的摩擦片，带动动盘本体和与动盘本体铆接在一 的振器盘动动盘本体和振器盘又通 六个振器弹簧把传给了动盘毂。因为有弹性 的作用，所 传动系受的动fl 在此 到缓和。传动系 的振动 动盘毂 对于动盘本体和振器盘 动， 在它 之间的 片靠摩擦消 振动的能量，将振动 。 4、 紧机构 紧机构主要螺旋弹簧 膜片弹簧组成，与主动部分一 旋，它 离合器盖为 ，将 盘 飞轮，而将 于飞轮和盘 间的动盘 紧。 螺旋弹簧分沿 布置和在 央布置两 。将一个 形 形弹簧布置在 央的离合器 为 央弹簧离合器。 （）两 型的摩擦片式离合器1、膜片弹簧离合器（1）结构1）膜片弹簧：用 质弹簧 制成，形为 形， 有径 槽， 槽内 currency1通， 为 。两个 槽之间 形成一个弹性 ，是 紧弹簧又是分离 2） 紧装置： 紧装置 盘、离合器盖、膜片弹簧、 、定位铆钉、分离 、传动片组成（2）工作原理（视频）：膜片弹簧 部两侧 持在离合器盖上， 既是变形， 盘 有多个分离 与膜片弹簧 在一 。（3）膜片弹簧的弹性 性及其 ：1） 对膜片弹簧与螺旋弹簧 性曲 的对 ，膜片弹簧分离的 力于接合 的 力2）当摩擦片变，螺旋弹簧弹性 ，而膜片弹簧弹力 变，膜片弹簧具有自动 紧力的 膜片弹簧的弹性 力与速关，具有速 紧力 定的 3）上所述，膜片弹簧离合器结构简单、轴 currency1、良好的弹性性能、能自动 紧力、操纵轻 、速 紧力 定、分离 平整 整 。在 、型汽车上“ 用2、 布弹簧式离合器：主、动部分、 紧部分装在离合器壳内、 及驾驶fi （1）主动部分 ：1）发动机飞轮和 盘是离合器的主动部分，离合器盖通 定位fl装在飞轮上， 心，盖侧面有散热通 ， 盘的平面和飞轮的平面组成主动件的摩擦面， 盘与离合器盖通 传动片传 。2） ： 有传动间， 有动部位， 量，传动效，fl 及 盘定心性3）” ：传动片 能力，汽车 （2）动部分（震器） ：1）主要部件是动盘(振器)，两片摩擦 片、动 片、动盘毂组成，动盘 片用弹簧 片制成，与动盘毂铆在一 上 有槽，防热变形。 片 具有的摩擦系数，动盘 片具有轴 弹性， 离合器接合柔和， 动平，currency1接方式： 片与 片铆在一 ，弹簧片与后 片铆在一，最后盘片与弹簧片铆在一 2） ：这 结构 后 片与 片在动盘自 有一定间，在结合 弹性变形 紧力 加轴 弹性，接合柔和（3） 紧机构：沿 盘 对 布置的16个弹簧 （4）分离机构：分离叉和分离 组成摩擦片数分：单片离合器： ：结构简单，分离彻底，currency1紧，动部分 量，散热性好，整方 。双片离合器： ：传 的能力 ，接合平顺，分离彻底， 间 盘散热 良。5、机构： 、currency1 、分离叉、分离套、分离 摩擦式离合器的自行 ：分离轴 与分离 之间的间，是 整三个螺的 紧实 的；这样离合器它要 接合与彻底分离 ；自行 ，离合器分离 彻底， “；自行 ，离合器 能分接合而 打。它 了一 方 整离合器自行的分离套，有效 了离合器彻底分离与分接合这一对。它是这样实 的：将分离套 为加 ，与分离轴 的currency1接方式 为 currency1接，分离轴 自 带整 螺，在分离轴 与分离套 带螺 之间有 紧螺，将分离轴 好定位后，再用 紧螺紧固。6、离合器结构上的 1分离 的 动 ：为 动 ，在分离 的 用 动fl 。2离轴 的自行 ：分离 内 与分离轴 内 一定量的间。 =34mm3 自行 ： 机 后，要消 间 ，fi后 分离离合器。 L=3545mm4 自行 的整： 动分离 上的螺， 整 的有效 ，而整 。5分离 的平：把分离 至与飞轮 面平行的 一平面，离合器分离彻底。摩擦片：（T 发曲变形）在径有 ，在离合器盖上fl有 进行通 散热。紧弹簧：（T 弹簧 弹力 ）a： 盘上装弹簧 成凸 的， 盘对弹簧传热。 b：在 盘与弹簧间装有 热片7、合器操纵机构1、功用： 离合器分离，而后接合。2分类： 2、1、 力式操纵机构 ：2、1、1、操纵机构：a、 传动装置：主要 用于发动机后置，离合器远离驾驶fi。： ，布置方 。”： ， ，用于轻、 型车、 车。b、 系传动装置：用于多数汽车。：结构简单，工作 靠，“用。”： 件间 接多，摩擦失， 力。液 式操纵机构：组成：主缸、工作缸、管路系统。 ：靠液体 力传 力，摩擦 力，重量轻，布置方 。液体有缓fl作用， “放” ，离合器能接合柔和，舒性好。轿车上 用多。” ：结构复杂、制工艺要求。3、 助力式：原理及组成：空 缩机、储 罐、控制阀、助力缸。” ：结构复杂、质量、 用。主要 用于一些重型车上。8、摩擦式的及影响因素是 济型汽车 摩擦离合器坏的主要原因。通 分析 济型汽车 摩擦式离合器在动摩擦 件 的基本类型及其影响因素， 出粒、粘着和疲劳是其的基本类型，摩擦材料、温 和动速 是的主要影响因素：通 分析 济型汽车 摩擦离合器 三个阶段的类型和量， 出缩合阶段、延 定阶段和推迟烈阶段 离合器的 用 ；通 摩擦学性能试验和耐性试验， 出离合器摩擦副的材料性能、 离合器摩擦副的表面粗糙 和 善离合器工作 件（温 、动速 和工作） 措施，有助于 摩擦式离合器的摩擦性能和耐性，而 济型汽车 摩擦式离合器的.Introduction clutch friction plateClutch is an important component of the vehicle, the core part of the automotive transmission parts, its performance is directly related to the quality of the overall vehicle quality, and thus the determination of its performance is very important. In this paper, the main friction clutch disc structure and working principle, provides an overview of the friction clutch plate of the role of test-bed, the basic composition and working principle； conducted a test-bed friction clutch plate and the structural design of the program, including the clutch components choice of experimental rig design, the arrangement of parts and components, power options, the choice of sensors and related measurement and calculation of parameters. The role of Automobile Clutch Clutch is located between the engine and gearbox shell flywheel, clutch assembly with screw fixed to the flywheel after the plane, the output shaft is a clutch gearbox input shaft. Drivers traveling on the course can be down or release the clutch pedal so that the temporary separation of the engine and gearbox and progressive joint, in order to cut off or transfer engine power to the transmission input. 1, to ensure a smooth start car Started before the vehicle is stationary, if the engine and gearbox is a rigid connection, once put up stalls, cars will be connected to power suddenly as a result of a sudden forward setting, it will not only caused by mechanical damage, and the driving force would not be enough to overcome the car forward setting have a great inertia force, so that the drastic drop in engine speed off. If you use the clutch when starting the engine and gearbox will be a temporary separation, and then a gradual clutch engagement, as part of the clutch driven initiative between the sliding part of the phenomenon of grinding, you can make the clutch of the torque was gradually increased from zero , and the vehicle driving force is gradually increased so that a smooth start car. 2, easy to shift Car process, often for transmission in different stalls in order to adapt to changing traffic conditions. If there is no clutch and gearbox will be a temporary separation of the engine, then the gearbox in the transmission gear mesh due to load not removed, the tooth engagement between the large and difficult to separate from the pressure. Gear will be treated to another because the two are quite difficult to circular meshing speed range. Even if forced into the mesh will have a significant impact on the tooth side, easy to mechanical damage. Using the clutch so the engine and gearbox shift after a temporary separation, then the original pair of meshing gears due to the load removed, the pressure between the mating surface is greatly reduced, it will be easier to separate. And another question on the gear mesh, gear and the engine due to the separation of very small moment of inertia, using the appropriate action will be able to shift gears meshing circle to be equal to or close to the same speed, so as to avoid or mitigate the impact of inter-gear. 3, to prevent the transmission line overload Vehicle emergency braking, the wheels of sudden deceleration, while engine power train connected to the inertia due to rotation, still retain their original speed, which often arise in the transmission of the moment of inertia is much larger than the engine torque to drive Department of easily damaged parts. As the clutch is to rely on friction to transmit torque, so with the load when the transmission system can transmit more than friction torque, the clutch master, slave will automatically spin part, which prevent the transmission system has played a role overload . Clutch friction plate 1, the function of the clutch with the requirements (1) function 1) To enable the engine and power train gradually bonding to ensure a smooth start car. 2) temporarily cut off the engine and power train links, easy to start the engine and transmission shift, transmission system to ensure smooth work shift. 3) to limit the transmission of torque to prevent the transmission line overload (2) the requirements of the clutch: 1) with appropriate levels of reserve capacity. Can guarantee the transmission of engine torque, but also to prevent the transmission line overload. 2) soft smooth bonding to ensure a smooth start car 3) separation of prompt and thorough, easy to shift and the engine start-up. 4) have good heat capacity. 5) to manipulate light in order to reduce driver fatigue. 6) the driven part of the moment of inertia should be as small as possible to reduce the impact of the time shift. 2, friction plate clutch working principle (1) the composition of the clutch Active part of the driven part, clamping device, separation and manipulation of body (2) of the working principle of the clutch (video) 1) bonding state: the pressure plate springs, flywheel and driven plate compactor with each other, the engine torque by the flywheel and pressure plate through the friction surface of the friction torque transmitted to the driven plate. 2) the separation process: the pedal down, set in the follower plate in the slide wheel fork, then push the driven plate pressed to overcome the spring pressure shifted to right with the flywheel separation, friction disappear, thus creating a break powertrain. 3) bonding process: slowly lift the clutch pedal so that the spring pressed follower plate in the left under pressure to resume contacts with the flywheel, the contact between the two pressures, the corresponding gradual increase in friction torque, the clutch from fully skid, some skid until completely bonding. 3, the main types of friction clutch 1) divided by the number of the driven plate: single-chip, dual-chip, multi-chip. Medium-sized cars and light trucks generally use the single-chip 2) according to the type of spring-pressed with the layout at: Spring-loaded cloth weeks, the central spring-loaded, diaphragm spring-type 3, the clutch friction plate tectonics (A) the clutch friction plate of the basic structure friction plate clutch part of the general by the initiative, driven in part, pressed bodies and manipulate the body composed of four parts. 1, active part of take the initiative to include flywheel, clutch cover, pressure plate and other mechanical components. This part together with the engine crankshaft. Clutch cover and flywheel connected by bolts, pressure plate and clutch cover is between 3-4 months on-chip transmission of torque transmission. 2, driven in part Driven in part by a single, double or multi-chip set consisting of driven, it will take the initiative came partly through the power of friction to the transmission input shaft. Driven by the follower plate body plate, friction plate and the driven wheel disc three basic parts. The direction of rotation in order to avoid resonance, to ease the impact transmission system load, the majority of cars driven in the clutch disc damper attached with reverse. In order to enable a smooth start car, the clutch should be able to soft bonding, which requires the driven plate has a certain flexibility in the axial direction. To this end, the body is often set in park-week moving part along the radial and circumferential grooving. Then split to form part of the fan-shaped along the weeks to warp into a wavy, two friction on both sides of the respective films and their corresponding rivet protruding parts, so that the driven plate is compressed when pressed with the warping power of the fan-shaped part of pressure level gradually increased, so as to achieve the effect of joint and soft. 3, reversing the shock absorber clutch engagement, the engine torque issued by the flywheel and pressure plate to the dynamic disk on both sides of the friction plate, driven plate follower plate follower body and the shock absorber body with riveted rotating disk Dynamic disk disk shock absorber body and through the six damper springs to torque to the driven wheel set. Because there are aspects of the role of flexibility, so the rotation transmission system by the impact can be mitigated. Driveline torsional vibration of the driven plate hub will move relative to plate body and the damper plate rotating back and forth, caught in the film between them by friction damping of torsional vibration of the energy consumption will be down the attenuation of torsional vibration. 4, compact body pressed mainly by the coil spring or diaphragm spring of the rotation together with the active part, it relies on the clutch cover, pressure plate will be pressure to the flywheel, which will be in a pressure plate between the flywheel and the driven plate compactor. coil spring to the arrangement of points along the week and at the central arrangement of the two. A cylindrical or cone-shaped spring of the clutch arrangement as in the central central spring clutch. (B) two typical clutch friction plate 1, diaphragm spring clutch (1) the structure of 1) Diaphragm Spring: made with high-quality spring steel, shape for the dish, there are radial grooving open, cut-side connectivity inside and outside for the hole-side. Slotting between the two plates to form a flexible lever, which is spring pressed lever is separated from 2) clamping device: clamping device by the pressure plate, clutch cover, diaphragm spring, the bearing ring, the positioning of rivets, hook separation, transmission-chip components (2) working principle (video): Both sides of the diaphragm spring by supporting the central clamping ring covered in the clutch, the bearing is not only a deformation of the fulcrum ring, pressure plate surrounding a number of isolated hook hook together with the diaphragm spring. (3) of the elastic properties of diaphragm spring and its characteristics: 1) based on the diaphragm spring and coil spring characteristic curve of the comparison, when the diaphragm spring pressure is less than the separation pressure bonding 2) When the friction film thinning, decreased elastic helical spring, and almost the same elastic diaphragm spring, diaphragm spring clamping force with automatic adjustment of the characteristics of the flexible diaphragm spring pressure is almost nothing to do with speed, when pressed with a high-speed power stability characteristics of 3) To sum up, diaphragm spring clutch of simple structure, the axial size, good elastic properties, can be adjusted automatically compress, and manipulate the light, high-speed stability when the compacting force, separation, such as a lever to adjust the characteristics of formation do not. In small and medium-sized car on the wider use of 2, Zhou cloth clutch spring: the main, driven in part, pressed part of the crust are installed in the clutch, the cab outside and in (1) take the initiative in part: 1) The engine flywheel and clutch pressure plate is part of the initiative, through the clutch cover pin installed in the flywheel, the guarantee of one mind, cover the side air vents have heat, pressure plate and flywheel of the plane composed of active pieces of the plane of the friction surface, pressure plate and clutch cover film to pass through the torque transmission. 2) characteristics: there is no transmission gap, there is no wear-driven part of the problem, repair a small amount of high transmission efficiency, without the impact of noise and pressure plate will be the issue of mental 3) Disadvantages: the carrying capacity of the reverse drive bad film, car easy to fold when the anti-drag (2) driven in part (including the reverse shock absorber): 1) the main components is driven disk (including the reverse shock absorber), by two friction linings, driven steel sheet, the composition of the driven plate hub, driven by a thin steel plate made of spring steel, and from the riveting action with the top disc hub has radial slots to prevent heat distortion. Linings should have a larger coefficient of friction, driven steel plate with axial flexibility to allow soft clutch engagement, starting a smooth, connected by: linings steel with a riveting together, and after the Spring riveting linings in together, the last disc together with the spring riveting film 2) characteristics: such a structure so that after the steel linings in the follower plate and the free state have a certain gap, in the combination of elastic deformation when pressed so that the axial force arising from a gradual increase in flexibility, joint and soft (3) compacting body: pressure plate along the symmetrical layout of the circumference of the spring 16 (4) Separation: The separation by the separation of the lever fork and components Friction plate according to the number of points: a single clutch: features: simple structure, the separation complete, compact size, the driven part of the small inertia, good heat dissipation, to facilitate adjustment. Double clutch: features: the ability to transmit more torque, more flattened joints, but does not go far enough separation between the adverse heat platen. 5, by: pedal, linkage, fork separation, separation sleeve, separation lever Friction clutch of a free trip: that is isolated and separated bearing gap between the lever is adjusted to achieve the three nuts of the elastic； this clutch engagement inflated it in contradiction with the complete separation； free tune too much travel, the clutch separation is not complete, causing difficulties； free tune too small journey, not the full engagement of clutch slip caused. It provides an easy to adjust the clutch free travel of the separation sleeve and effective solution to the complete separation of the clutch and the full engagement of the contradictions. It is this realization: The separation of the sleeve a little longer, and separation of the connection bearing pattern changed to connect with their own adjustment of the separation section of bearing nuts, bearings and separation in the separation zone threaded sleeve between the locking nut, separation is about to transfer a good position after the bearings, and then locking nut fastening. 6, the clutch structure of the special issues: 1 Separation of leverage to interfere in the movement: movement in order to avoid interference in the separation of floating fulcrum lever pivot pin. 2 free trip away from the bearings: separation lever bearings and separation within the client side should stay within a certain amount of space. = 3 4mm 3 boards free trip: drivers pedal down, the need to eliminate the gap , before the beginning of the separation clutch. L = 35 45mm 4 pedal free travel adjustment: Dynamic Separation of screw nut on the rod to adjust the effective length of rod, In order to adjust the 5 Separation of leverage leveling: the separation of the lever parallel to the flywheel face and the same plane, To ensure the complete clutch. Friction plate: ( T hog too much deformation occurred) have opened in the radial incision and covered with red clutch Have fenestrae pressure for cooling ventilation. Pressed spring: ( T high elastic spring decline in aging) a: Department of spring load platen protruding into the rib so as to reduce the pressure on the spring plate heat transfer. b: in the pressure plate and spring with insulation between the gasket 7, a device to manipulate body 1, function: to make clutch, and then bonding. 2 Category: 2,1, human-style manipulation of institutions: 2,1,1, manipulation of institutions: a, rope gear: The engine used in the rear