山东省高考英语二轮复习 专题整合突破四 介词和介词短语.doc

2013年高考第二轮复习英语山东版四、介词和介词短语真题试做1(2011山东高考，30)im sorry i didnt phone you，but ive been very busy _ the past couple of weeks.abeyondbwithcamong dover2(2009山东高考，33) it saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _ easy reach.anear buponcwithin daround考向分析1考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出，介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词，如at，in，for，from，to，of，on，with，until，about，by，since，as，around等。2考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中，辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。3考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词，不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。热点例析考点一：表示时间的介词1in，on，at，over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如：in the 1950s，in 1989，in summer，in january，in ones thirties等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如：on may 1st，on monday，on a cold night in january，on a fine morning等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间，也泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如：at 3：20，at this time of year，at christmas，at night，at this moment等。(4)over后面接一段时间，表示“超过”或“在期间”。 如：david crum，the ceo of geldart software，announced that the corporation would open three branches in bangkok over the next several months.(5)在last，next，this，that，some，every等词之前一律不用介词。如：he went to japan last year.we meet every day.2in，after(1)“in一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如：my mother will come back in three or four days.(2)“after一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如：he arrived after five months.(3)“after具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如：she will appear after five oclock this afternoon.the rain began to fall after seven.3from，since，for(1)from后接具体时间，说明从什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如：i hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since后接具体过去时间，表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。如：we have not seen each other since 2010.(3)for后接一段时间，通常与完成时连用。如：i have been in the army for 5 years.【典例分析】 he invited me to a dance after the show _ christmas eve.aatboncin dby答案为b项。具体的日期前介词应用on。they had a pleasant chat _ a cup of coffee.afor bwithcduring dover答案为d项。for和during都有“在期间”之意，但后面通常接时间；with意为“随着，用”；over意为“在(做)期间，边边”。句意：他们边喝咖啡边进行了友好的交谈。考点二：表示地点方位的介词1at，in，on，to(1)at表示在小地方或“在附近；在旁边”。 如：he arrived at the station at ten.he is sitting at the desk.(2)in表示在大地方或“在范围之内”。 如：he arrived in shanghai yesterday.shandong lies in the east of china.(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如：russia lies on the north of china.(4)to表示“在范围外”，不强调是否接壤。如：japan is to the east of china.2above，over，on(1)above意为“在上方”，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与 below相对。如：the bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为“在之上”，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：there is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为“在之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：he put his watch on the desk.3below，under(1)below表示“在之下”，不一定在正下方。如：please write your name below the line.(2)under表示“在正下方”。 如：there is a cat under the table.【典例分析】 (2012辽宁高考，27)the well hotel stands in a quiet place _ the main road at the far end of the lake.atobforcoff dout答案为c项。句意：威尔酒店坐落于湖的彼岸远离主干道的一个僻静之处。此处off表示“离开，在之外”。考点三：表示运动方向的介词1across，through(1)across表示从物体表面穿过，与on有关。如：across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如：he jumped over the wall.(3)through表示从物体里面穿过，与in有关。也可表示时间，指“(从开始到结束)经历了”。如：through the pipe/forest/doorwe work hard all through the year.2in，into(1)in通常表示静态，意为“在里面”。如：we walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。(2)into通常表示动态，意为“进入到里面”。如：we walked into the park.我们走进了公园。【典例分析】 (2012北京高考，34)do you think this shirt is too tight _ the shoulders?aat boncto dacross答案为d项。句意：你认为这件衬衣的肩宽是不是有点紧？ across意为“横跨，在(身体某部位)上”。考点四：表示原因的介词1for表示原因时，常与sorry，famous，punish，praise，thank，blame等词连用。如：i am sorry for what i said to you.2at表示引起某种情感变化的原因，常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用，意为“因听到或看到而”。如：he was surprised at the news.3from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因，如受伤、车祸等。如：he died from the wound.4of多用于表示自身或内在的原因，如病、饿等。如：the old man died of hunger.5with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如：hearing the news，he jumped with joy.he was shaking with anger.6by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如：she took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。 7over 一般用于 cry，weep，laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后，表示所发生的事情的原因。如：she wept over the death of her daughter.we laughed over the victory.8because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如：he retired last month because of his illness.9thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常意为“幸亏，多亏”。如：thanks to john，we won the game.【典例分析】 when we heard the news that beijing basketball team has won the final，we sang and danced _ joy.ato bwithcat dof答案为b项。该题应用with表示由于高兴而又唱又跳。with表示原因时，一般指由于外界而影响到内部的原因。(2012河北保定调研，13)how about your trip to italy?oh，_ the fine weather，we enjoyed ourselves indeed.abut for bthanks tocin spite of dbecause of答案为b项。句意：你到意大利的旅行怎么样？ 哦，幸亏天气好，我们玩得很愉快。b项意为“幸亏，由于”，符合句意。but for表示“要不是”；in spite of表示“尽管”；because of表示“因为”，都与句意不符。考点五：表示计量的介词1at表示“以速度；以价格”。如：it flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.i sold my car at a high price.2for表示“用交换；以为代价”。如：he sold his car for 500 dollars.注意：at表示单价，for表示总钱数。3by表示“以计”，后跟度量单位。如：they paid him by the month.注意：by后接具体度量单位要加the。【典例分析】 he thought the jar made of earth _ little value and let me have it _ only one dollar.awith；for bof；forcof；by dwith；by答案为b项。第一个空应用of，of little value/importance/use意为“没大有价值、重要性、用处”；第二个空应用for，表示“以一美元为代价，用一美元交换”。考点六：表示工具或手段的介词 1by意为“用某种方式”，后面的名词不带冠词。如：i went there by bus.2with表示“用某种工具”，后面的名词需带冠词。如：he broke the window with a stone.3in表示“用”时，后面的宾语不带冠词，且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如：i hate letters written in pencil.we will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.4on表示“以方式”，多用于固定词组。如：they talked on the telephone.she learns english on the radio/on tv.【典例分析】 the form is very important.please fill in the form _ ink not _ a pencil，jack.ain；by bwith；incin；with dby；in答案为c项。第一个空应用in表示“用墨水”；第二个空应用with表示“用工具”，后面的名词带有冠词。考点七：表示“在之间”的介词1between表示在两者之间。如：you are to sit between your father and me.2among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如：he is always happy among his classmates.3有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如：switzerland lies between france，italy，austria and germany.pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.【典例分析】 four chinese models were _ the 14 people awarded prizes on friday at the world supermodel competition.aamong bbetweencalong dbeside答案为a项。four chinese models是部分，the 14 people是整体，所以选among意为“在之中”。考点八：表示“除了”的介词1besides表示“除之外，还有”。如：we all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我们也都去看电影了。2except表示“除外，把除去”。 如：we all went to see the film except you.除你之外我们都去看电影了。3but与except同义，但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如：i never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4except for表示“如无就，只是”，多表明理由细节。如：his diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5except that表示“除外，把除去”，后面接句子。如：i know nothing about him except that he is from beijing.6apart from在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含义，又有except和except for的含义，要根据上下文来判别。如：apart from/besides english，he has a good command of russian and french.he has no interests，apart from/except his work.its a good paper，apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.【典例分析】 some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these days.afor bexceptcbesides dwith答案为c项。句意：如今一些人选择工作时，除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides表示“除之外，还有”；except表示“除外，把除去”。(2012济南一中期末，23)_ good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional shandong cuisine.afar from bregardless ofcinstead of dapart from答案为d项。far from意为“远离，远非”；apart from意为“除以外”；instead of意为“代替，而不是”；regardless of意为“不管，不顾”。句意：除了优质的服务外，这个饭店提供了不同种类的传统鲁菜。考点九：介词与某些词类的习惯搭配1介词和名词搭配时的习惯用法(1)名词in：difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。(2)名词to：attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。(3)名词on：attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。(4)名词with：bargain/chat/common/connection/conversation/talk等。2介词和形容词搭配时的习惯用法(1)与of搭配：afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。(2)与at搭配：angry/surprised/pleased/moved/good/clever/slow/terrified等。(3)与in搭配：poor/rich/expert/successful/absorbed/interested/engaged/high/low/strict等。(4)与about搭配：anxious/careful/certain/sure/sorry/worried/happy等。(5)与to搭配：polite/equal/useful/necessary/strange/devoted/similar/next/kind/cruel/rude/ known/close等。(6)与for搭配：anxious/eager/famous/known/fit/sorry等。(7)与with搭配：busy/angry/strict/familiar/popular/satisfied/careful等。(8)与from搭配：different/far/free/safe/absent/tired等。(9)“it isadj.for/of sb. to do sth.”句型中，在形容词之后多用for短语，表示后面不定式的逻辑主语。但当是指性格、情感方面的形容词时，后面用of短语；常见的这类形容词有cruel/kind/good/clever/foolish/honest/nice/careful/careless/brave/polite/rude/wise/stupid/lazy等。如：its important for you to learn english well.its foolish of you to lie to the teacher.【典例分析】 (2012江苏高考，29)thank god youre safe!i stepped back，just _ to avoid the racing car.ain time bin casecin need din vain答案为a项。考查介词短语。in time意为“及时”；in case意为“以防，万一”；in need意为“需要”；in vain意为“徒劳，无益地”。句意：感谢上帝，你没事。我往后退了退，刚好及时地避开了赛车。误区警示1近义介词的易错点(2012全国高考，16)100 is the temperature _ which water will boil.afor batcon dof【错混透析】b由于本句中的which指代上文的100，所以应选at表示“在多少度，在这一点上”。受汉语意思的影响，该题易误选on。【解题指导】 由于介词不能单独充当某一成分，所以一般不会单一考查介词，而更多的是融合在语境或句型中，符合单项填空题“在具体的语境中考查英语基础知识的运用”的命题思想。因此做题时不能孤立地局限于介词单方面的意义，而要全面理解试题的结构和句意，在此基础上仔细辨析，作出最佳选择。平时的学习中，要善于归纳、总结和积累，注意常用介词的基本用法和多义性，区别近义介词在不同的语境中的不同含义。2介词的常见搭配易错点(2012陕西高考，11)an agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _ it.aagainst bforcto dwith【错混透析】a句意：达成协议似乎是不可能的，因为委员会的大部分人都反对。be against意为“反对，不赞成”；be for意为“同意，支持”。如果不能正确理解句意，可能会误选b项，如果不了解搭配，可能会误选c、d项。【解题指导】 常用介词搭配在英语中极其丰富，意义复杂多变。同一个介词可以与不同的动词、名词或形容词搭配，表示不同的意思；反之，同一个动词、名词或形容词与不同的介词搭配，也表示不同的意思。掌握这些搭配，对夯实基础、提高英语水平大有裨益。要掌握这些搭配，关键是看平时的积累，首先要理解不同介词的含义，其次要注意观察、发现，并识记介词的各种搭配。3介词短语的易错点(2012福建高考，26)china has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ all its citizens.ain charge of bfor the purpose ofcin honor of dfor the benefit of【错混透析】din charge of意为“掌管，负责”；for the purpose of意为“为了的目的”；in honor of意为“向表示敬意，为纪念”；for the benefit of意为“为了的利益”。句意：为了全国人民的利益，中国一直推行公立医院的改革。该题造成误选的原因是没有掌握四个介词短语的不同含义。【解题指导】 介词本身数量不多，但它与动词、形容词和名词等实词的搭配力极强，因此衍生出的词组让人有些“目不暇接”，高考对介词短语的考查频频出现。平时的学习中要注意识记一些介词短语的构成和意义，做题时结合句意作出选择。1(2012山东潍坊寿光现代中学一模，45) i know you have got a smooth tongue，so dont talk me _ buying it.aawaybdowncout dinto2(2012山东实验中学三模，28) almost everybody has sensed that dave cares most about money _ the surface.abeneath bbehindcunder dbelow3a friend is not just someone _ whom you say hello but a shoulder _ which you can cry.ato；on bon；tocwith；over dfrom；with4tired，jim was fast asleep with his back _ a tree.ain bbelowcbeside dagainst 5it is said that greece has decided to sell a small island _ its coast to pay for the debts.ain batcoff dof6_ only 20 minutes to go before the train left，i felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.afor bwithcas dbecause7(2012山东淄博一模，34) its _ belief that parents have to spend nearly 500,000 yuan bringing up a child in china nowadays.abeyond bincwithout dagainst8between 2000 and 2010，the number of overseas visitors expanded _ 27%.aby bforcto din9most americans would prefer to keep their problems _ themselves，and solve their problems _ themselves.ato；by bby；tocfor；to din；on10(2012山东威海一模，34) could you please introduce me to the person _ this project?ain place of bin possession ofcin terms of din charge of11(2012山东淄博桓台二中月考，33) there wont be a good harvest of wheat in north china this year _ the severe drought.ain spite of bapart fromcdue to din case of12(2012山东烟台期末，31) this company has launched several types of cars this year，and one _ appeals to the young.ain return bin particularcin addition din turn13a huge amount of money has been spent _ the new bridge.ain boncwith dfor14(2012山东泰安期末，33) _ my efforts at persuasion，he wouldnt agree.aapart from bin spite ofcbecause of din terms of15. wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.ain general bin detailcon purpose don time参考答案四、介词和介词短语命题调研明晰考向真题试做1d考查介词辨析。beyond “超出”；with“具有，和一起”；among “在当中”；over “在正上方，在期间”。句意：很抱歉没给你打电话