2007年高级(含教授级)任职资格外语考试试卷--英语(炼化.pdf

中国石油化工集团公司中国石油化工集团公司 2007 年工程系列高级任职资格外语考试试卷年工程系列高级任职资格外语考试试卷 英语 炼化工程 英语 炼化工程 120 分钟内完成 分钟内完成 一一 二二 三三 题题 号号 1 2 1 2 1 3 总分总分 得得 分分 一 阅读理解 阅读短文 简要回答问题 共一 阅读理解 阅读短文 简要回答问题 共 25 分 分 短文短文 1 12 5 分 分 Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large The same problem on a smaller scale faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs Banks may agree to provide short term finance they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long term projects So companies turn to the public inviting people to lend them money or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits this they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions both at home and overseas When the saver needs his money back he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it Instead he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities Without hospitals roads electricity telephones railways this country could not function All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone The Government local authorities and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending and they too come to The Stock Exchange 1 1 What must almost all companies involved in new production and development depend on according to the passage 2 How is the money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects raised 3 What do the savers do when they want their money back 4 In what conditions are all the essential services on which we depend 5 Why do companies invite people to lend money to them or take a share in the business 短文短文 2 12 5 分 分 Like street corner prophets proclaiming that the end is near scientists who study the earth s atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without offering any concrete proof So far even the experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged that this is anything but a natural phenomenon And the uncertainty has given skeptics especially Gingrichian politicians plenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult expensive steps required to stave off a largely hypothetical calamity Until now a draft report currently circulating on the Internet asserts that the global temperature rise can now be blamed at least in part on human activity Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers who have been criticized for going too far beyond the scientific consensus But this report comes from the International Panel on Climate Change IPCC a respected UN sponsored body made up of more than 1 500 leading climate experts from 60 nations This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories Unlike chemists or molecular biologists climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human generated gases carbon dioxide from industry and auto exhaust methane from agriculture chlorofluoro carbon from leaky refrigerators and spray cans are pumped into the model s virtual atmospheres Until recently the computer models weren t working very well When the scientists tried to simulate what they believe has been happening over the past century or so the results didn t mesh with reality the models said the world 2 should now be warmer than it actually is The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures sulfur dioxide that are produced along with CO2 when fossil fuels are burned in cars and power plants Aerosols actually cool the planet by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warming Once the scientist factored in aerosols their models began looking more like the real world The improved performance of the simulations was demonstrated in 1991 when they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines A number of studies since have added to the scientists confidence that they finally know what they re talking about and can predict what may happen if green house gases continue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked 1 Why can t scientists and experts offer any concrete proof of impending doom 2 What does a current draft report on the Internet confirm 3 How do climate experts do lab experiments on their specialty 4 What important factor mentioned in paragraph four can also affects global temperatures 5 The simulated computer models are proved reliable when 二 英译汉 将下列短文译成汉语 共二 英译汉 将下列短文译成汉语 共 45 分 分 短文短文 1 20 分 分 A B 两篇 只翻译一篇 任选其一 两篇 只翻译一篇 任选其一 A How do scientists separate the hydrocarbons They distil the oil They turn the oil into vapor and then turn the vapor into liquids The theory of distillation is very easy Most liquids boil when they reach a certain temperature When crude oil boils it sends out vapor and condenses All the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are at different temperatures And their vapors all make separate liquids So in order to separate the hydrocarbons the scientists distill the crude oil Because the hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures their vapors must also condense at different temperatures When the hydrocarbons boil their vapors condenses separately So the oil breaks down into its fractions and forms different liquids The oil distilled in a very large steel tower the technical name of which is the fractionating tower The tower is thirty to fifty meters tall and its diameter 3 is one to three meters It is divided into chambers each of which contains a layer of trays There are holes in the trays The vapors go through these holes and condense on the trays The chambers are at different heights and the temperature at each height is different The temperature inside the tower is highest at the bottom and it is lowest at the top So each layer of trays is cooler than the layer below it There are not enough chambers of different temperatures in one tower so two or three towers are needed B The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum natural gas and natural gas liquids as source of raw materials It is likely that in excess of 90 of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry However as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals household chemicals fertilizers and paints as will as intermediates for the manufacture of products such as synthetic rubber and plastics Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum Gasoline kerosene fuel oils lubricating oils waxes asphalts and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals since they are not in the true sense chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons 短文短文 2 25 分 分 A B 两篇 只翻译一篇 任选其一 两篇 只翻译一篇 任选其一 A The energy efficiency of an ethylene plant can be improved in many ways Modification of a basic plant design to improved energy efficiency can be divided into two categories 1 Those that reduce the energy requirements of the individual process 4 steps and 2 Those that provide these energy requirements in the most efficient manner possible This article will deal with recent optimization studies that fall into this latter category The objective in carrying out these studies was to make full use of well known energy saving principles while staying within the bounds of proven technology and equipment Two basic schemes were developed both based on an energy balanced plant in which neither steam nor electric power are exported or imported The feature in both schemes that provides the greatest savings in energy is the use of a gas turbine It is necessary of course to recover the sensible heat in the turbine exhaust gas to realize energy savings In the first scheme this heat is recovered in a heat recovery boiler A small amount of supplemental firing is also used here to generate sufficient steam balance In the second scheme the gas turbine exhaust is used as combustion air for the pyrolysis furnaces In this case steam balance is effected by a small economizer coil which supplements heat input from the transfer line exchanger system B The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent In the great majority of evaporations the solvent is water Evaporation is conducted by vaporizing a portion of the solvent to produce a concentrated solution or thick liquor Evaporation differs from drying in that residue is a liquid rather than solid it differs from distillation in that the vapor is usually a single component and even when the vapor is a mixture no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions it differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals In certain situations e g in the evaporation of brine to produce common salt the lie between evaporation and crystallization is far from sharp Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystals in a saturated