中英文 汉语英语 动词区别.doc

一、英语重结构，汉语重语义我国着名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(中国语法理论，王力文集第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年)我们看一看下面的例子：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt (成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的)personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television and digital age will have arrived译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。二、英语多长句，汉语多短句由于英语是法治的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是人治，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline (身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目)and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves。译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through.and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，产生兴趣这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。三、英语多从句，汉语多分句英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed。译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词but和and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：能够得出结论但是只要而且只要。从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if.and only if.。首先提纲挈领：但是必须具备两个条件，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。四、英语多代词，汉语多名词英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词，而且还有that、which之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend。译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规)，监测器就会使其停驶。五、英语多被动，汉语多主动英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有被、由之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译：It must be pointed out that.。必须指出It must be admitted that.。必须承认It is imagined that.。人们认为It can not be denied that.。不可否认It will be seen from this that.。由此可知It should be realized that.。必须认识到It is (always) stressed that.。人们(总是)强调It may be said without fear of exaggeration that.。可以毫不夸张地说这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法，在科技英语中出现频率很高，考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译，同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子：And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes and that they have to be required by a sort of special training。译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required，译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、相比和掌握。有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语，这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。例如：New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore (归还；恢复，复兴；恢复健康，复原)that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time。译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。六、英语多变化，汉语多重复熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说我认为可以用I think，第二次再用I think显然就很乏味，应该换成I believe或I imagine之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子：The monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle。译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示拖拉机，英语表达上有变化，而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达，这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。下面我们先看一组例子：disintegration 土崩瓦解ardent (热心的；热情的)loyalty 赤胆忠心total exhaustion 筋疲力尽far-sightedness 远见卓识careful consideration 深思熟虑perfect harmony (和声；和睦)水乳交融feed on fancies 画饼充饥with great eagerness 如饥似渴lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网make a little contribution (捐款；捐助)添砖加瓦on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕从上面的例子不难看出，英语表达往往比较抽象，汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译：Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food.译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。原文中有三个抽象的名词：sense, point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释，sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”，point的意思是“点”，support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”，comfortable是“舒适的”，unnatural是“非自然的”，都是意思十分抽象的词，如果不进行具体化处理，译文就可能是这样：除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的非自然的食物。八、英语多引申，汉语多推理英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the company it keeps。(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them。(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。例如：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past。译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。recreate根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”，而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词recreation，所给词义为娱乐、消遣，在这种情况下，考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”。仔细观察recreate不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part，从逻辑上来讲，过去的重大历史事件是不能重新创造的，作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受：某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。九、英语多省略，汉语多补充英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。例如：Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil。野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。Reading exercises ones eyes; Speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind。阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy。在考研英译汉中，省略是一种很常见现象。例如：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability。译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。whether.or.。是并列连词，or前面省略了不定式to use, and upon中间省了动词depends。十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。比较：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly。译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely (不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不)contested (斗争；比赛)。译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。動詞，文法用詞，是用來形容或表示各類動作的詞彙。基本上每個完整的子句都有一個動詞，要表示第二個動作時可使用不定詞、動名詞、對等連接詞、从屬連接詞或增加子句等方法連結。但在中文句子中，動詞的原形是字(粵語係字)可以被隱去。 例句：1. 床前明月(是)光(明亮)。李白唐詩；靜夜思 2. 你(真係)好叻(高明)。(粵語)慣用語3. 人生 (是)多美滿啊！(驚嘆句) 4. (這個)(真是)多神奇啊！ (口語) 目录隐藏 1 外語的屈折变化 2英語動詞o 2.1 Be動詞o 2.2一般動詞 2.2.1 及物與不及物動詞 2.2.2授予動詞 2.2.3使役動詞 2.2.4情緒動詞 2.2.5感官動詞 2.2.6連綴動詞编辑外語的屈折变化外國语文里，动词有屈折变化。相比其他有屈折变化的词类如名词、代词、形容词和副词，动词的屈折变化范畴是最多的，常见的有以下几类：人称、数、时态（又分为时和体）、式、语气。动词的分词在作为形容词时，又可以像形容词一样有格和性的变化。对于像拉丁语和俄语这样的屈折丰富的语言，一个动词的各种屈折形式可以多达上百种。编辑英語動詞主条目：英語動詞编辑Be動詞所有Be動詞的原型皆為be，現在式中有am、is、are，am對應的主詞為I，are則對you或複數主詞，is則對應第三人稱單數主詞。在過去式中am、is皆變為was，are則要改成were。而在進行式中，be動詞才是真正的動詞，後面的Ving(動詞+ing)則看作現在分詞。 Be動詞後面一般可以接形容詞或名詞。接形容詞時，通常可對應為中文的表態句，如：“Melody was chubby before.”。而若後面接的是名詞或名詞性單位的話，這通常可對應為中文的判斷句，這個名詞就是所謂的主詞補語，如：“Im a wikipedia user.”编辑一般動詞除了Be動詞外的動詞統稱一般動詞，代表一個動作。一般動詞同樣有時態之分：在現在式中，第三人稱單數主詞後面動詞須+s/+es/-y+ies，過去分詞(pp)與過去式(pt)規則的須+ed/+d。一般動詞裡面又分為許多不同類動詞，分法不同所有的性質也就不同，諸如下文所示。编辑及物與不及物動詞一般而言，一般動詞分成及物動詞和不及物動詞等兩大類，可用可不可直接接上受詞來區分。 及物動詞至少需要一個受詞以使句意完整，如：“Mary bought some cookies.”（瑪莉買了些餅乾），其bought是動詞，而cookies則是受詞，由此可判斷bought為一及物動詞。 而不及物動詞後面不需接任何受詞即可表達完整的句意，如：“He slept a lot during summer vacation.”，其中He是主詞，slept是動詞。但若不及物動詞後面要接受詞的話，必須選擇對應的動詞片語。即於動詞後先加上介詞才能再加受詞，如：“Johnson listens to the music before bed every day.”，因為listen為一不及物動詞，所以要接受詞必須先加介詞to。编辑授予動詞除此之外，有一些及物動詞要求兩個受詞(一般為直接受詞和間接受詞)，直接被做出動作的就叫直接受詞（中文稱賓格），在做完第一個動作後才被做者，就是間接受詞（與格）。若動詞後直接接直接受詞，則在接間接受詞前必須先加to；反之，若先擺間接受詞，則不需加任何介係詞。例如：“I gave him some apples”(我給他一些蘋果)，相當於“I gave some apples to him”其中I是主詞，gave(give的過去式)是動詞，其中Apple為直接受詞，him為間接受詞。编辑使役動詞使役動詞是個特別的動詞類型，它後面可以直接接一個原形動詞。英文中的使役動詞共有四個：let、make、have、help，而help亦可以使用不定詞來接受詞，如：“I help dad (to) wash his new car.”。编辑情緒動詞情緒動詞可以衍生出所謂的情緒形容詞，兩種句法可以交互使用。情緒形容詞可以分為兩種，過去分詞(+ed)通常用來修飾人，解釋為(某人)對(某物/人)後面要加特定的介詞；現在分詞(+ing)則通常修飾事物，解釋為(某物/人)很後面接to。例如：“I interest Wikipedia.”=“Im interested in Wikipedia.”=“Wikipedia is interesting to me.”。编辑感官動詞感官動詞（知覺動詞）可以表示身體五官的感受或動作，後面可接名詞、動名詞或不定詞，如：“I notice the cat slunking in our classroom.”。编辑連綴動詞連綴動詞代表著一個漸進的動作，後面加形容詞，常用的有get、grow、look、taste，例如：“He looked so tired because of the exam.”。但有時有些感官動詞可以不當連綴動詞使用，常見的例子有look，如：“He looked happily at that dog.”。 英文翻譯来自“/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&oldid=18962930” Verb From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search This article is about the part of speech. For the physical activity program, see VERB (program). For English usage of verbs, see English verbs.Verbs redirects here. For the Christian gospel rapper, see Verbs (rapper).This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Linguistics or the Linguistics Portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2008)Examples I washed the car yesterday. The dog ate the homework. John studies English and French. A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object.Contentshide 1 Agreement 2 Valency 3 Tense, aspect, and modality 4 Voice 5 See also o 5.1 Verbs in various languages o 5.2 Grammar o 5.3 Other 6 References 7 External links edit AgreementMain article: Grammatical conjugationIn languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument (the subject) in person, number and/or gender. With the exception of the verb to be, English shows distinctive agreement only in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs, which is marked by adding -s (I walk, he walks) or -es (he fishes). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb (I walk, you walk, they walk, etc.).Latin and the Romance languages inflect verbs for tenseaspectmood and they agree in person and number (but not in gender, as for example in Polish) with the subject. Japanese, like many languages with SOV word order, inflects verbs for tense/mood/aspect as well as other categories such as negation, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject - it is a strictly dependent-marking language. On the other hand, Basque, Georgian, and some other languages, have polypersonal agreement: the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object and even the secondary object if present, a greater degree of head-marking than is found in most European languages.edit ValencyMain article: Valency (linguistics)The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its valency or valence. Verbs can be classified according to their valency: Avalent (valency = 0): the verb has neither a subject nor an object. Zero valency does not occur in English; in some languages such as Mandarin Chinese, weather verbs like snow(s) take no subject or object. Intransitive (valency = 1, monovalent): the verb only has a subject. For example: he runs, it falls. Transitive (valency = 2, divalent): the verb has a subject and a direct object. For example: she eats fish, we hunt nothing. Ditransitive (valency = 3, trivalent): the verb has a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object. For example: He gives her a flower. Weather verbs are often impersonal (subjectless, or avalent) in null-subject languages like Spanish, where the verb llueve means It rains. In English, they require a dummy pronoun, and therefore formally have a valency of 1.dubious discussIntransitive and transitive verbs are the most common, but the impersonal and objective verbs are somewhat different from the norm. In the objective the verb takes an object but no subject; the nonreferent subject in some uses may be marked in the verb by an incorporated dummy pronoun similar to that used with the English weather verbs. Impersonal verbs in null subject languages take neither subject nor object, as is true of other verbs, but again the verb may show incorporated dummy pronouns despite the lack of subject and object phrases. Tlingit lacks a ditransitive, so the indirect object is described by a separate, extraposed clause.citation neededEnglish verbs are often flexible with regard to valency. A transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or an intransitive verb can take an object and become transitive. For example, the verb move has no grammatical object in he moves (though in this case, the subject itself may be an implied object, also expressible explicitly as in he moves himself); but in he moves the car, the subject and object are distinct and the verb has a different valency.In many languages other than English, such valency changes are not possible; the verb must instead be inflected in order to change the valency.citation needededit Tense, aspect, and modalityA single-word verb in Spanish contains information about time (past, present, future), person and number. The process of grammatically modifying a verb to express this information is called conjugation.Main articles: Grammatical tense, Aspect (linguistics), Linguistic modality, and TenseaspectmoodDepending on the language, verbs may express grammatical tense, aspect, or modality. Grammatical tense123 is the use of auxiliary verbs or inflections to convey whether the action or state is before, simultaneous with, or after some reference point. The reference point could be the time of utterance, in which case the verb expresses absolute tense, or it could be a past, present, or future time of reference previously established in the sentence, in which case the verb expresses relative tense.Aspect24 expresses how the action or state occurs through time. Important examples include: perfective aspect, in which the action is viewed in its entirety though completion (as in I saw the car) imperfective aspect, in which the action is viewed as ongoing; in some languages a verb could express imperfective aspect more narrowly as: habitual aspect, in which the action occurs repeatedly (as in I used to go there every day), or continuous aspect, in which the action occurs without pause; continuous aspect can be further subdivided into stative aspect, in which the situation is a fixed, unevolving state (as in I know French), and progressive aspect, in which the situation continuously evolves (as in I am running) perfect, which combines elements of both aspect and tense, and in which both a prior event and the state resulting from it are expressed (as in I have studied well) Aspect can either be lexical, in which case the aspect is embedded in the verbs meaning (as in the sun shines, where shines is lexically stative); or it can be grammatically expressed, as in I am runnin