攻破短语改错.doc

第二章 攻破短文改错 第一攻破：多一词1、多一介词或小品副词(l)有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中是及物动词，可能多一个介词。如：serve br the people，follow五fq him，play讲th her in a match，marry诗砒lher，engage静曲her，make him k our monitor。(2)有些动词可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，但搭配不同，可能混淆而多一个介词，如joinin the game，但J01n h the club; pay for a TV set，但pay fb three dollars; search for the map，但search fbr the thief for his watch.(3)有些“动词十介词”形式的动词后面没有宾语d，后面的介词是多余的。如：She sang and he listened bHe looked k but could see nothing. How are you getting on讲也？Shes lost touch谛曲since then(4)有些动词、名词、形容词后接名词或代词时须加一个介词，但接that从句刚，必须去掉介词。如：agree to it，但agree b that. be sure of it，但be sure试that.- be sorry for.it，但be sorrybr that.(5)有些副词或介词词组后加一个介词，组成了复合介词，若后面没有介词宾语时，最后的介词则是多余的。如：He walked in front M. If you dont go.lII go instead M. He walked out H (6)有些连词后加of成为复合介词，如果后接从句，“是多余的。如：Because试he was11(7)地点副词的意义中已经包含t0，如果有to则是多余的。如：on my wayb there.getb home, gob upstairs.returnb home。(8)last year，next month，this week，one day等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面用介词是多余的。(9)有些动词受汉语影响而多一副词，如：.stopa酾屯（停下来），raise岫（举起来），return协Bk（归来，回来），re-peat a窖dq，seat a廿v哪oneself。(l0)些动词在一种用法中要加副词，而在另一种用法中加副词则是多余的。如：build up our country但buildhp railways。2、多一连词(1)状语从句与主句之间多一并列连词。如：though.bm; because岫；if bd,the more.ahd the more; whyE前；once.bnd。(2)充当状语的分词与主句之间多一并列连词。如： Sitting down bd he began to work. He sat at the window 谕d thinking. Regarded as the best in the class，油he was praised aL the meeting.(3)从属连词后多- that。如because强醴，slnce吐，unless珀上。 (4)间接疑问分句前多- that。如：1 agree with ihwhat he said.I dont remember讪毗who did it.(5)复合宾语前多- that。如：1 heard协啦him say itIfound恤her Iying on the ground.3、多一代词(1)主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。如：Some peopledont Iike football, but many people ho do like it.(2)怍定语的分词前多一关系代词。如：I knoW the boy谛ho standlng there. The man谛ho invited to the ball Iast night is my friend.(3)定语从句中的一个名词，已由关系代词取代，再用一个代词是多余的。如：She bought the book (that) shehad first asked for、it.I have seen the girl (whom) you aretalking ofhr(4)用不定式作定语时，如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组，后面再用代词是多余的。如：The tea s too hot to drink k.He is a good comrade to work withiim(5)在“形容词十不定式”句型中，如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语，再用代词作宾语或介词宾语是多余的。如：This question is too difficult to answerThe house is nice to live int.(6)在“连词十分词名词j臣容词副词介词词组”结构中，加上代词作主语是多余的。如：He took notes whilelk reading. Ifk heated, ice turns to water.4、多一助动词(l)时间、条件从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，用will，would是多余的。如：If you谛珊try hard，vou wai suc-ceed. 111 tell them about lt as soon as they诗come.(2)be sure或make sure+that分句结构中用一般时表示将来时，用will，would是多余的。如：I make sure that you3 come early(3)间接疑问句中主语前的助动词是多余的。如：Would you tell me whatyou want?(4)独立结构中的be（助动词或连系动词）是多余的。如：The game ha over,he went home. She smiled, tears；沁罐still running down her face.5、多一冠词(1)与介词at，in，【。连用的名词school，class，town，hospital，church，prison，bed等表示与其有关的活动时，用冠词是多余的。如：go to the school【上学）_be in强e prison（坐牢）be in tk bec（在睡觉）。(2)与by连用的交通工具名称和air. Iand, sea等名词前用冠词是多余的。如by讣e bike, by lk sea, byetrain等。(3)家庭成员名称前不用冠词。如：Where is皇fa-ther?卞k mother is ill. Ask堰brother to put the baby tobed.下沁Aunt is taking碹sister out for a walk.(4)表示游戏活动而不是表示游戏工具的名词前不用冠词。如：play强皇、volleyball, playlk chess, playthetable tennis.(5)由“专有名词十普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用定冠词。如：置Beijing Airport,池e Oxford Street,_cheHyde Park. (6)at诗efirst,at池e last，池e most of us中的the是多余的。类似的还有：at once, at night, at noon.(7)most作“非常”解时前面用the是多余的。如：Oh!Its孙e most beautiful! She is池e most diligent.(8)形容词最高级作表语而又不与其他人或物比莜时，用the是多余的。如：My father is the busiest on Sundays.The lake is池P deepest at this point.(9)古有Day的节日前加the是多余的。如：池e MayDay, thf: Womens Day,浊e National Day,诜New YearsDay.(IO)在“名词+as/though.”结构中，名词前不用任何冠词。如：h child as he is,X4 fool as he is. 6、多一小品词(1)在除have to,ought to, used to之外的情态动词后用to是多余的。如：He canb speak English.(2)在had better.would rather, rather than后的不定式前用to是多余的。如：You had better not b go.1 wouldrather b stay at home. He prefers to stay at home ratherthan h go swimming.(3)在make, let, have, see, feel, watch, notice, observe等动词后充当宾补的不定式前用to是多余的。如：He ade meh do heavy work. Let meb hear youb play. 综习：以下旬中都有画蛇添足之处，你能找出每句中的“蛇足”吗？1. You need not to go with me unless you are freenow.2. He promised to come and see us after the supper.3. The teacher is busy preparing for his lessons.4. got on the school bus and which took us straightto the Peoples Park.5. Oliver Twist. the hero of the story, he was an or-phan.6. Do you know our team leader we cal儿l him BigWang?7. He told rne that how important it is Lo learn Eng-lish.8. She asked meifI had found out rny new pen.9.1 didnt hear you. Please repeat the sentence again.10. We must study hard in order to serve for the peoplebetter in the future。11. Dont let the children who are so young to go swlmmlng.12. Do you know what do these words mean?13. In fact, they are planning to visit China in next week14. I have three letters to be answer this afternoon.15. Having been iIl for a long time.so she fell behind her classmates16. What a terrible weather weve been having!17. A hundred of people attended the meeting last night.18.“YouII be late for school unless you will get up at fivesaid mother1need为情态动词，后跟动词原形，所以去掉to。1 2去掉the。supper，dinner，lunch，breakfast，tea等表示一日三餐的名词前不用冠词，但如果这些名饲前有形容词修饰，表示特殊或不一般意义时，应用冠词。如= have a good dinner(吃一顿丰盛的晚餐)；after a quick breakfast(匆匆忙忙吃过早饭以后)。3根据意思，his lessons应是prepare的直接宾语，而不是目的。因此，这里prepare用作及物动词，去掉for。4关系代词which本身具有连接主句和从句的作用，所以应去掉连词and，但在which前应用逗号隔开，使其引导一个非限制性定语从句。也可不加逗号，直接去掉and构成限定性定语从句。还可保留连词and，将which改为代词it，构成并列句。5本句是简单句，主语是Oliver Twist，he是多余的主语，应去掉。the hero of the story是同位语，相当于非限制性定语从句who was the hero of the story。6去掉him。本题为主从复合句，Do you know ourteam Ieader为主句，we call him Big Wang为定语从句。在这个定语从句中，call的宾语为已省略的关系代词whom或that，Big Wang为call的宾语补足语，him与关系代词重复，为多余词，故虚去掉。7副词how具有连接主句和从句的作用，因此that多余，应去掉。8find out意为通过调查、询问、思考、研究等“弄清楚”或“查明”某件事情。find意为“找到”，是动词短语look for“寻找”的结果。根据句意，这里应去掉out。9repeat意为say agaln，所以句中agaln为多余词，应去掉。10serve为及物动词，可直接带宾语，表示“为服务”“侍候”招待”。句中介词for为多余词，应去掉。11本句宾语部分较长，使整个句子结构很难理清。who are so young是宾语the children的定语。主句的结构应是Dont let the children.go swimming，谓语是Iet，后面不定式不带to，因此应去掉to。12宾语从句要用陈述句语序，应把助动词do去掉。13去掉next week前面的in，因含有this，that，last，next构成的词组前一般不加in。1 4当不定式作定语修饰名词时，如果该句中能找到不定式动词的逻辑主语，则不定式不能用被动语态，反之通常用被动语态。（There be结构中，作定语用的不定式短语，如没有逻辑主语，则可用被动，也可用主动）本题中主语I为answer的逻辑主语，answer不能用被动，应去掉be。15Having been iIl for a long time是现在分词补语作状语，故连词so为多余词，应去掉。另外，so，but这样的连词，应该连接两个并列成分。既然so前面是短语，后面是句子，那么这个连词就应去掉。16weather为不可数名词，应去掉不定冠词a。17应去掉of，A hundred people就是“一百人”的意思。如改为hundreds of people_则煮为“好几百人”这样就涉及了两个词的改动，不符合改错的规则。18unless引导的是条件状语从句，根据语法规则，条件状语从句（通常由m unless，on condition that引导）、时间状语从句（通常由when，as等引导的）和让步状语从句如要表示将来，通常用一般时代替将来时，即用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时，据此应去掉unless从句中的will。第二攻破：缺一词l敞一l、词(l)有些动词后有时有介词，有时没有介词，可能混淆而缺一介词。如：attend a meeting，但attend/ (to) the pa-tient,prepare breakfast但prepare(for) the exam; join us，但join (in)a game。(2)表语形容词通常具有动词意义，很可能误以为是动词而漏掉介词。如：be afraid (of) nothing, be present(at) the meeting,be sure (about)it.(3)except，instead of，from，slnce，till，until后面可跟另一介词词组充当介饲宾语，可能漏掉第二个介词。如：He came on foot instead of (by) bike.A big bear ran outfrom (behind)a tree(4)hundreds，thousands后面可能漏掉“。类似的还有millions (of), dozens (of), scores (of).！赣一连词(1)汉语常用意合法，分句与分句之间往往不用连词，但英语里不行。如：It began to rain (and) they had to stop the match（如果中间用分号可不用连词。）It was late， (so) we went home. You IEke sports, (while) Id rath-er read. He looked for the key, (but) didni find it.(2)受汉语影响，并列动词词组之间可能缺一个and。如：She smiled (and) said goodbye to her father.(3)名词性that分句置于句首或作同位语时不可缺少连词。如： (That) she is beautiful is known to us all. We heard the news( that) our team had won.(4) even盾可能缺少连词if或though.如：I dont mind evenA (if或though) he doesnt come.(5)as后可能缺少if或though.如：He walks as (if或though) he were drunk.缺-心词(l)充当定语从句主语的关系代词不能缺少。如：The accident/ (that) happened yesterday was verv serious. Heis a teacher, (as)is clear from his manner.(2)英语中用来替代前面的“the+名词”的that（单数）和those(复数)，在汉语中往往没有反映，很可能漏掉。如：The population of China is much larger than(that) of Ja-pan. These shirts are expensive, but (those) which we saw the other dav were even more expensive.(3)than any后往往容易缺other.如：Li Ping is cleve-rer tlian any (other) student in his class.破一助动词或连系动词l，、(l)表语不是名词时，可能缺少连系动词be，因为汉语在这种情况下不用“是”。如：He (is) afraid of his father.The match (is) over.(2)被动语态中缺少助动词be，成了主动语态。如：He has (been) asked to sing in English.(3)完成时中缺少助动词have(或had)，成了一般过去lIj。如：We realized that we (had) lost our way. They(have) livecl here since 1980.(4)在倒装结构中缺少助动同或情态动词。如：Hardly (had)I reached the bus stop when the bus started. Sel-dom( do)I get invited into the office alone. Only in this way (can) you learn English well.缺一冠词(1)在such或SOT形容词与单数名词连用时，不可缺a(n)。如：He is such (an) honest boy that all of us like him. Thisis so good (a) book that we will buyit.(2)袁示“有些”时，little, few前面不可缺少a。如：Dont hurry. There is(a) little time left.(3) many前有great, good时，要加a。如：(a) great many people.若manv后接单数名词，中间须有a(n)。如：Many/ (a) man has tried it before.(4)即使是不可数名词，表示“一种”时，也要加a(n)。如：Its (a) famous Chinese tea. Work ls(a) pleasureto him. There was (a) heavy rain last night.(5)用专有名词表示“一个像（叫）的人”时，用a(n)。如：He wished to be(a)Lei Feng.(A) Mr Wang called you up Just now.(6)-般不能用“the+复数名词”表示类别，但用“the+复数名词”表示整个民族。如： (The) Chinese people are brave and hard-working.ll. The two languages are not at all the same in nei-ther spelling or grammer.12. Cant you remember tell me that the other clay?13. Fle had changed so much that I could hardly know him.14.I knew from Joan that Mary had fallen I11.15. Would you please speak someLhing about your family?16. The discovery is great importance.n science.17. The experiment was much more easier than we had expected.18. The writing of the report spent me two evenings.19. IfI had time,1 shall see the new film.20. It took place洒France, an European country.21. That is known to all. Taiwan belongs to China.22. -Do you mind getting me some water? -Certainlv dont.23. Was it him who telephoned yesterday?24. He is by far the clever student in our class.25.I came here especially to ask you or adice.26.I dont doubt whether Im able to finish the work on time.27. The little girl hurried home with the remained money.28. Speak slowly and try to make yourself understand.29. The population of Zheng Zhou is fewer than that of Beijing.i关j itl.41本题应将his改为he, as实际上引导的是定语从句，其中主语应用主格he，和主句中I并列。试比较：My idea is the same as his. his等于his idea，与主句中my idea并列。2everyone和anvone与表示范围的of介词短语连用时应分开写，如：every one of us;any one of them.3，动词catch是短暂性行为动词，这里表示“感染”，不能和类似for a week这样表示时间段的状语连用，应把have caughr改为have had.4visit是及物动词，关系副词where不能作它的宾语，所以应用关系代词that或which，也可省略。5根据句意，前句是条件，后句是结果，应用祈使句+and+含有将来时的陈述句。因此，须把Following改为Follow。6what不能作关系代词，应把what改为that( all是不定代词，不能用关系代词which)，另外，由于关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，也可省略chat。本句另一改法是去掉al儿l,这样，what从句作表语。7从句意中可知，which引导的从句说明了suggestion的内容，是同位语从句，不是定语从句。which不能引导同位语从句，应是that。定语从句起的是修饰和限制的作用。试比较：He agreed to the plan that we should finish ten units this term（他同意我们在本学期完成十个单元的学习计划。）that引导的是同位语从句，指plan的具体肉容，即什么计划。He agreed to the plan which(或that) was made at the meeting.他同意大会上所制订的计划。which或that从甸是定语从句，修饰plan，指哪一个计划，并未涉及plan的内容。8本句表示的是说话人的建议，在表示建议、请求或征询意见的问句中不能用any，anything，anybody或any-where，而要用some，something，somebody或somewhere。故应将anybody改为somebody。9否定句中应用anywhere表示全否定。not和every一where连用是不完全否定，与前句意义不符。10本题有两种改法。把no改为not或去掉句中a，因为no等于not a。11neither须与nor搭配，either须与or搭配，但nei-ther.nor_与前面的not at all不符，而either.，or可与否定词连用，表示全否定。故应将neither改为either。12本句的意思应是“你不记得几天前你告诉过我那件事了吗？”remember用于一般现在时，指现在记得以前干过的事情，困此，tel儿l应改为telling，表示以前干过的事。re-member to do则表示记住要做某事，to do指未做的事。本题如用不定式，则全句意思不明。13从上文的“变化巨大”可确定下文是“几乎认不出”，而不是“几乎不认识”。因此，know应改为recognlze。know是状态性动词，recognlze是行为性动词，这里应用后者。14know from是受中文“从某人那里知道”的影响，另一方面，know表示状态，不是行为性动词，而from sb应和行为动词连用。“从某人那里得知”“听某人说”，英语应说learn from sb或hear from sb.15speak的宾语常为表示语言的名词，如speak Eng-lish，除此以外一般用作不及物动词，如speak to sb。本句应改为say something about。16importance与主语discovery非等同物，应用形容词important来说明discovery的性质，可是句中great不能修饰形容词，还须将great改为greatly才能修饰important，但这种改法不符合语言改错的规则。我们只要在great im-portance茼加介词of就能起到同样的作用。也就是说The discovery is of great importance in sclence.= The discovery is greatly important In sclence.17该题是考查修饰比较级的副词作程度状语的用法。much作程度副词常用来修饰比较级，而more本身就是比较级，因而它不能用来修饰比较级，故应把more去掉。18spend是表示“某人花时间（金钱）做某事”，主语一般为人。“花某人多少时间”应说take sbsome tlme。因而应把spent改为took。19根据条件句中动词had可知是虚拟语气，表示现在或将来不可能有时间，因此后面shall应改为would。另一种改法是把条件句中的had改为have，表示对未来4隋况不般为一群体，其排除的与整体同属一类。而except for用于对上文已讲过的某一情况加以补充说明，排除的与前面所述事物为从属关系。如这里的spelling mistakes从属于composition。故本题应在except后面加介词for。17what从句为名词性从句，because后面应加“方可接名词或名词性从句。18thanks是名词，不能带宾语，应在其后加介词to。thanks to是一习惯用语，意为“幸亏”“由于”。第三攻破：错一词错一词的情况最为复杂。大致可分为虚词选择错误，实词词形错误，同（近）义、形似词选择错误等。这里只能做一些粗略的猜测。 J虚词选j曼错误(1)介词或小品副词选择错误：这种情况极为复杂，什么都是可能的。这里只提供几组作为参考before/ago，among/between, after/in, below/under, on/above/over, across/through,except/besides,with/in(用),to/for（对于），like/as等。(2)连词选择错误或连词与介词混淆because/for( since.as),if/whether, if/unless, no matter/though( al-though), so as/so that, hardlywhen/no soonerthan,while/when,till/until等。(3)关系词选择错误：who/whom/whose，Which/that，what/which(that),(介词+)whom(which)/that,(it is.)that/when/where/how等。(4)感叹词选择错误：how/what。(5)代词选择错误：人称代词的格，如：l/me/my/mine。人称代词与反身代词，如：I (me)/myself。先行词it（作主语或宾语）与指示代词：it/that(this)。不定代词与限定词：some/any, no/none/no one( nobodv), every/each, everyone/every one, aIVboth, any/either, none/neither, few/little,many/much, other/others/another. other/else, so/such(that)等。(6)冠饲选择错误：a/an，a(n)/the。(7)助动词、情态动词选择错误：need/must/can/may，must/have to。 ！实词词形镦误(l)名词词形错误：名词的单复数形式，特别注意不规则名词复数形式，加-es的复数形式，貌似可数而实为不可数的名词bread，paper, glass（玻璃）等。名词的普通格与所有格，特别注意不规则名词复数的所有格，如：the clitdrens_不是the childrens形式，动名词复合结构中的指物名词用普通格f不用所有格，以及名词所有格的绝对形式。如：Mvson is older than my elder brothers. (2)动词词形错误：不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误，特别注意几组易于混淆的词，如：lie（躺）/lie（说谎）/lay(放置)，hang（挂）/hang（绞死），find/found（建立），faIUfell（砍倒），bear(忍受)/bear（生育）等的过去式与过去分词。规则动词的过去式、过去分词、现在分词去掉e，双写，变y为ie或ie为y。非限定性动词用法的选择，特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾补时是用过去分词还是现茌分词（分别取决于主语，名词中心词，宾语的关系），在to后是用不定式还是动名词（取决于to是介词还是小品词），以及并列结构中第二、三个动词的形式，必须与第一个相同。限定动词时态形式的选择，是现在时还是过去时。一般现在时单复数形式的选择，是单数还是复数。情态动词和do( does，did)，will( would)，shall( should)等助动词后面的动词形式的选择（只能用原形）。 (3)形容词与副词词形错误：是用原级、比较级还是最高级，特别注意as much( many)a5 possible，容易错为asmore as possible。是加more，most还是加-er，-est构成比较级和最高级。加-er，-est时是否要将y变成i。 (4)词性选择错误：不同的词性充当不同的句子成分，要注意实词的词性是否适合其功能，不符合则应换用适当的派生词。其中特别要注意：连系动词后用形容词而不用副词充当表语：He feels cold作状语用副词而不用形容词：He works well. ?同义词、近义词、形姒词选择错误 这里举一些常见的例子： acceptreceive, alive/living/lively, allow/let. alone/lonely,aioud/loudly, already/yet/still, also/too/ekher. number/a-mount/quantity. answer/reply, asleep/sleepy/sleeping, bring/take/fetch/carry, clothes/clothing. de叩/deeply, defeaUfail,cost/spend/take/pay, hard/hardly, high/highly, ill/sick, job/work. late/lately, lend/borrow, near/nearly/nearby, likely/possible/probable, raise/rise, rob/steal. say/speak/telUtalk, sit/seat, sound/noise/voice, live/stay, very/much, try/manage,wide/widely, win/beat( defeat), wsh/hope, worth/worthy。还可能出现词序的错误，如：his both parents+both his. never! have-never have I，以上估计难免挂一漏万，同学们可以通过做本书所提供的练习来进一步掌握短文改错的解题技巧。 练习：以下各句都有错词错误，请找出来。 1.I have the same idea as his. 2. Everyone of us is working hard in this factory. 3.I have caught the bad cold for a week and I cant getrid of it 4. This is the steel plant where we visited last week. 5. Following the road and vou will find the store. 6. This is all what Dr Smith said at the meeting. 7. Everyone agreed to his suggestion which we shouldhold a meeting to talk about the problem. 8. Wlty dont you ask anybody else to help you? 9 The pen is missing, for we cannot find it everv-where lO. Sorry.I have no such a book. Il. The two languages are not at al儿 l the same ln nei- .ther spelling or grammer. 12. Cant you remember tell me that the other clay? : 13. FIe had changed so much that I could hardly know :him. 14.I knew from Joan that Mary had fallen I11. j 15. Would you please speak something about your fam- :ily? 16. The discovery is great importance.n science. 17. The experiment was much more easier than we had :expected. 18. The writing of the report spent me two evenings. 19. IfI had time,1 shall see the new film. 20. It took place in France, an European country. 21. That is known to all. Taiwan belongs to China. 22. -Do you mind getring me some water? : -Certainlv dont. 23. Was it him who telephoned yesterday? : 24. He is by far the clever student in our class. : 25.I came here especially to ask you or adice. : 26.I dont doubt whether Im able to finish the work on time. 27. The little girl hurried home with the remained.money. 28. Speak slowly and try to make yourself understand. j 29. The population of Zheng Zhou is fewer than that of lBeijing. 若蠢。i孵。 1本题应将his改为he,as实际上引导的是定语从句，其中主语应用主格he，和主句中I并列。试比较：My idea isthe same as his. his等于his idea，与主句中my idea并列。 ： 2everyone和anvone与表示范围的of介词短语连用时应丹开写，如：every one of us;any one of them. 3动词catch是短暂性行为动词，这里表示“感染”，不：能和类似for a week这样表示时间段的状语连用，应把；have caught改为have had. 4visit是及物动词，关系副词where不能作它的宾语，：所以应用关系代词that或which，也可省略。 j 5根据句意，前句是条件，后句是结果，应用祈使句+：and+含有将来时的陈述句。因此，须把Following改为：Follow。 6what不能作关系代词，应把what改为that( all是不；定代词，不能用关系代词which)，另外，由于关系代词在定：语从句中作宾语，也可省略chat。本句另一改法是去掉al儿l,：这样，what从句作表语。 7从句意中可知，which引导的从句说明了suggestion的内容，是同位语从句，不是定语从句。which不能引导同位语从句，应是that。定语从句起的是修饰和限制的作用。试比较：He agreed to the p