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如何写论文的摘要/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2251 编写摘要(文摘)虽然并不复杂,但不少作者不得要领,缺乏编写经验。因此,掌握一定编写方法还是必要的。摘要是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。根据我国文摘编写规则 GB6447-86规定,摘要必须有目的、方法、结果和结论。 摘要的主要功能是: 1使读者只看摘要就可以了解到论文的主要内容。 2为科技情报人员和计算机检索提供方便。 因此,摘要应具有独立性和自明性,即它自身就能独立成文,不阅读全文就能获得必要的信息。摘要大致分为报道性、指示性、报道/指示性三类。指明文献实质性内容的摘要叫做报道性摘要。学术性期刊多采用此类,它相当于简介,篇幅在300字以内。一般在100200字左右。主要注意事项: 1要客观、如实地反映一次性文献,排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容,切不可把应在引言中出现的内容写入文摘,不要对论文作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。 2要着重反映新内容和作者特别强调的观点。 3不得简单重复论文题名已有的信息。比如论文题名是“一种数字定值温控器的研制”,摘要开头为“提出了一种数字定值温控器的研制”。显然,摘要中这句话只是简单地重复了题名,没有任何信息价值。 4书写要合乎语法,保持上下文的逻辑关系;结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切;一般不分段落。 “摘要”是原文简明扼要的代替文献,通常它只要求向读者提供原文的信息性内容而不对其进行陈述,撰写摘要的目的是使读者充分了解原文信息,以帮助他们确定是否需要获取原文。根据有关专家对国内学术期刊中摘要的分析,目前普遍存在着摘要撰写不规范,不能使读者通过阅读摘要而对原文的主要内容产生客观、准确、充分理解的问题。为此我们参照国际权威检索系统中论文摘要的标准,对撰写学术论文摘要提出如下要求: 1.为了向读者或检索系统提供重要的信息,必须认真仔细地撰写摘要。作者要有对科学工作中关键概念的敏锐识别能力,并能有条理性地将这些概念组织起来,用通顺、简炼的语言加以表达。 2.论文摘要应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读全文,也能获得必要的信息,得到与原文同等量的主要信息。 3.摘要可以是陈述式的,也可以是信息式的,或者二者兼而有之。作为一般的学术论文,通常采用信息式的摘要,其内容主要包括:研究课题的目的、研究方法、所获结果及结论;评论、综述性文章以及专著等,通常采用陈述式摘要。 4.摘要一般以不超过300字为宜,英文摘要篇幅以250个实词左右为宜(按照美国工程索引的要求,其录入文献摘要每篇不超过150个实词),英文摘要应采用第三人称表达方式,谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或过去时。 5要用第三人称,应采用“对进行了研究”、“报道了现状”等,不必用“本文”、“我们”等作为主语。 6要使用规范化的名词术语,新术语或尚无合适汉字术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。 7采用国家颁布的法定计量单位。目前,给本刊投稿的某些作者在编写摘要中存在的主要问题有: a无独立性与自明性: b要素不全,或缺目的,或缺方法; c.繁简失当,多数过于简单化; d重复题名已有的信息: e把引言中出现的内容写入摘要: f.习惯使用“本文介绍了”作为摘要开头。EI对英文摘要的写作要求1英文摘要的完整性目前,大多数作者在写英文摘要时,都是把论文前面的中文摘要(一般都写得很简单)翻译成英文。这种做法忽略了这样一个事实:由于论文是用中文写作的,中文读者在看了中文摘要后,不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面、详细的信息,但由于英文读者(如EI的编辑)一般看不懂中文,英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。因此,这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性,即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。这样,即使读者看不懂中文,只需要通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的,解决问题的主要方法、过程,及主要的结果、结论和文章的创新、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一。这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。因此,在写作英文摘要时,要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论,这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路,又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据,使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识。当然,这并不意味着中文摘要就不必强调完整性。事实上,在将中文摘要单独上网发布或文章被收入中文文摘期刊时,中文摘要所提供的信息也必须具有完整性。另外,由于东、西方文化传统存在很大的差别,我国长期以来的传统教育都有些过分强调知识分子要“谦虚谨慎、戒骄戒躁”,因此我国学者在写作论文时,一般不注重(或不敢)突出表现自己所做的贡献。这一点与西方的传统恰恰相反。西方的学者在写论文时总是很明确地突出自己的贡献,突出自己的创新、独到之处。西方的读者在阅读论文时也总是特别关注论文有什么创新独到之处,否则就认为论文是不值得读的。由于中、英文摘要的读者对象不同,鉴于上述两方面的因素,笔者认为论文中的中、英文摘要不必强求一致。2EI对英文摘要的写作要求 目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。下面就根据EI对英文摘要的写作要求,谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。EI中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的“目的(Purposes)”,主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”,由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说,要写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)3英文摘要各部分的写作 根据EI对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。3.1目的(What I want to do?) 目的。主要说明作者写作此文的目的,或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说,一篇好的英文摘要,一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时,可利用论文中所列的最新文献,简要介绍前人的工作,但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面,EI提出了两点具体要求:1) Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)2) Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。3.2过程与方法(How I did it?) 过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也应包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中,过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此,在说明过程与方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述,这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路,又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。3.3结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献,论文有没有价值,值不值得读者阅读,主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此,在写作结果和结论部分时,一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明,使结论部分言之有物,有根有据;同时,对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说,通过这些图表,结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解论文的结果和结论。也只有这样,论文的结论才有说服力。如有可能,在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较,以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处(回答What is new and original in this paper)。3.4如何提高英文摘要的文字效能 EI很看重英文摘要的文字效能。为了提高文字效能,应尽量删去所有多余的字、句。在这方面,EI提出了两个原则:1) Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)。)trive for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。就目前来看,由于大多数作者在英文写作方面都比较欠缺,因此,由作者所写的英文摘要离EI的要求相距甚远。有的作者写出很长的英文摘要,但文字效能很低,多余的字、句很多;有的作者写的英文摘要很短,但也存在多余的字句。总而言之,就是文字的信息含量少。因此,EI中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出了以下几点具体要求。3.5 关于英文摘要的句法 关于英文摘要的句法,EI提出了以下三个一般原则:1) 尽量用短句(use short sentences)。2) 描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的),但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时,应该用现在时态。3) 一般都应使用动词的主动语态,如:写成A exceeds B比写成B is exceeded by A更好。如何写英文摘要一、概述 文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有:1)This paper deals with.2)This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc).3)This eassy presents knowledge that.4)This thesis discusses.5)This thesis analyzes.6)This paper provides an overview of.7)This paper elaborates on .8)This article gives an overview of.9)This article compares.and summarizes key findings.10)This paper includes discussions concerning.11)This paper presents uptodate information on.12)This article covers the role of chemicals in.13)This paper addresses important topics including.14)This paper touches upon.15)This paper strongly emphasizes.16)This eassy represents the preceedings of .17)This article not only describes.but also suggests.18)This paper considers.19)This paper provides a method of .20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.21)This paper offers the latest information regarding.22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of.23)This article explores.24)This paper expresses views on.25)This paper reflects the state of the art in.26)This paper explains the procedures for.27)This paper develops the theory of .28)This article reviews the techniques used in.29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to.30)This article is about.31)This eassy is related to .32)This paper concerns.33)This paper gives an account of .34)This article tells of.35)This paper tries to describe.36)This paper provides an analysis of .37)This paper reports the latest information on .38)The author of this article reviews.39)The writer of this paper discusses.40)The writer of this eassy tries to explore.41)The aim of this paper is to determine.42)The purpose of this article is to review.43)The objective of this paper is to explore.破题用语,一般有:The author of this article reviews (or: discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)somethingThis article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)something.This article has been prepared (or:designed,written).The purpose of this article is to determine something.The problem of something is discussed .结论和建议,一般有以下几种写法:The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that.This article shows that.It is suggested that.The authors suggestion (or:conclusion )is that The author finds it necessary to .三、分类举例1)陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要(Descriptive Abstract)一般只说明论文的主题是什么,多半不介绍内容。例1ABSTRACTThis article extends Lehand and Pyle(1997)model to include the possibility that manager may exploit cooperate wealth through transactions with affiliated companies and/or individuals.The results of our model show that the amounts of wealth exploitation are affected by several factors.They are inorderly managerial stockholding,the severity of penalty,the managers risk attitude,firms expected future cash flows,and the variance of future cash flows.Whats more, the relation between managerial holding and the amount of wealth exploitation is not seperate.Wealth exploitation rises with management share holdings before the break point.When managerial holding exceeds the break point,any further increase in the management holdings will decrease the amount of wealth exploitation.例2ABSTRACTThe effect of price limit on the stock return,volatility and the structural change is analyzed through a generalized autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity(GARCH)model.The interaction between stock returns and its volatility is permitted in each price limit regime.While the stock return does not go up when the price limit goes down from 5%to 7%.The stock volatility,on the other hand,is substantially different across three regimes. The higher the price limit,the larger is the volatility.In end the GARCH model does not suffer from the structural change when price limits change.例3ABSTRACTThis issue presents a complete survey on the integrin,immunoglobulin,and selection families cellular expression patterns on endothelial, resident cells and graft infiltrating cells in human stomach, heart ,and lung transplants.It describes the patterns of cellular expression and inducibility in different pathological conditions of the graft.It also discusses the implications for the organ specific appearance of inflammatory reactions in human stomach,heart and lung transplants as for immunosuppressive and therapeutic interventions.例4ABSTRACTWe classfied firms finacing decisions into four categories:internal financing banking,bank loans,convertible bonds and preferred stocks,and new common shares.This paper uses pooled cross-section and time series data.When the adjusted data is used,we find that B/M has explanatory power to stock returns for the new-issue category;C/F for the internal financing category.The size variable is also significant in all categories.However,the sign is not consistent.The convertible category has reverse size effect and others have size effects.As for the E/P variable,we dont find any additional explanatory power to stock returns for any category.The use of different definition of size hardly changes our results.例5Contact Problems in the Classical Theory of ElasticityCONTACT PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF ELASTICITYby G.M.GladwellThis article gives an account of contact problems in the classical theory of elasticity.It begins from fundamental principles and aims to offer information on recent developments on this subject that the reader can take advantage to widen his horizon of contact problems.例6Use of Engineering MetalsUse of Engineering MetalsABSTRACTThis article shows us the importance of metals in our daily life,especially in machine building and engineering construction.Metals that are used in industry are called engineering metals,of which the most widely-used is iron. Therefore,production of iron is very critical to the development of a nation.例7Pure and Applied SciencePure and Applied ScienceABSTRACTIn this article ,the author holds that pure science is fundermentally concerned with the development of theories establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. On the other hand applied science,is directly connected with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs in the life,and to mans increasing control over the environment,thus leading to the development of new techniques,processes and machines.It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work.It shows to us that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.2)信息型论文摘要。信息型论文摘要(Informational Abstract)与陈述型论文摘要相比,略有不同。它除了介绍论文的主题外,还应介绍论文的主要观点以及各观点部分的核心内容。这种形式实际中相对少见。显然,这种形式的摘要较陈述型摘要长得多。例如:例1Probable Development of Agricultural MechanizationProbable Development of Agricultural MechanizationABSTRACTThis article reviews the past achievements in agricultural mechanization and aims to predict the developments in the immediate future.It is widely acknowledged that to cope with greater crop output,it is necessary to make use of more powerful equipment that is capable of more extensive work within the limited time.The main problems are discussed under the following headings.1)General Trend of Machanization2)Mechanization of Crop Farming3)Mechanization of Animal HusbandryThe article concludes that further progress of agricultural mechanization depends on,to a great extent,the development of mechanical industry,which should be spurred and encouraged.例2Cultural Factors in Translation and Their TransferCultural Factors in Translation and Their TransferABSTRACTThis thesis attempts to apply general knowledge of linguistics,anthropology and translation to the research of cultural factors in translation and their transfer.The thesis concludes a brief introduction and four chapters.The introduction presents the specific topic and raises several related issues.Chapter One is devoted to the relationship between language,culture and translation.Chapter Two focus on the categorization of cultural factors in translation.Chapter Three talks about three topics:translatability,major translation methods of cultural factors,and the transfer of some important cultural subcategories.The last chapter,gives an analysis of some inappropriate translations and draws a general conclusion for the whole thesis.例3ABSTRACTInternationalization and liberalization of business activities have become two of the most significant phenomena for the successful operations of contemporary enterprises.At present,the prevalence of national protectionism and the establishment of regional economic communites,have further enhanced many firms to take part in overseas investments in order that the tariff and non-tarriff barriers of the products could be reduced or eliminated.Yet ,companies operate in different countries with different political,legal,economic,and social cultural surroundings might have different management styles and strategic operating patterns.Traditionally,the Japanese and the US management patterns are two of the most important reference models for the operations of domestic enterprises.Thus, to promote the success of business internationalization activities,it would be very helpful for the domestic firms in Taiwan to evaluate the similarites and diff

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