2013上海高考英语试卷解析精读版.pdf

2013上海 考英语试卷解析 精读版 选九 As infants we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth In fact we can recognize the composition of our mother s face well before we can recognize her body shape It s fascinating how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age especially since we don t learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old By the time we are adults we have the ability to distinguish around 100 000 faces How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to recall such a simple thing as a phone number The exact process is not yet fully understood but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes necessary for facial recognition 当我们还是婴 的时候 我们可以在出 的数 时内识别我们的母亲 事实上 我们在可以认出我 们母亲的体型之前 就可以识别她脸的组成结构 有趣的是 在这样 的年纪 脑是如何执 这样 个功能的呢 尤其是因为我们直到 岁多 才学会 路和说话 在我们成年之前 我们有能 区分 约100000张脸 当我们很多 发觉回忆起像电话号码那么简单的事都很难 那么 我们是如何记住如 此多脸的呢 确切的过程尚未完全了解 但世界各地的研究已经开始定义特定的 脑区域和对 部识别 必需的过程 Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in locating a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area FFA which is used only for facial recognition This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars is from elsewhere in the brain Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place It had been previously thought that we only needed to see certain facial features Meanwhile research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process but instead involves three steps The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person s face which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries In the next step the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us And finally the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at This complex processing is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations 324 words 省理 学院的研究 员认为他们已经成功地定位 个特定的 脑区域 被称为的梭状 孔区 FFA 这是仅 于 脸识别 这意味着识别熟悉的物体 如我们的 服或汽车 是来 脑的其他区域 研究 员还发现 脑需要看到整个脸部去识别 先前认为我们只需要看到特定的 部特征 与此同时 伦 敦 学学院的研究发现 部识别不是 个单 的过程 是涉及到三个步骤 第 步似乎是 体特性 地分析 个 的脸 这类似于我们 条形码扫描货品 在下 步中 脑决定我们正在看的脸是否为我 们已知或未知 最后 脑提供我们已经收集的有关这个 的信息 这个 的脸是我们正在看的 这个复杂的处理是在 瞬间完成的 这样我们可以快速地对某些情况做出反应 完型填空 经济全球化 Over the past few decades more and more countries have opened up the markets increasingly transforming the world economy into one free flowing global market The question is Is economic globalization good for all 在过去的 年 越来越多的国家已经开放了市场 越来越多地将世界经济转型为 由流动的全 1 球市场 问题是 经济全球化真的对所有 都好吗 According to the World Bank one of its chief supporters economic globalization has helped reduce poverty in a large number of developing countries It quotes one study that shows increased wealth contributing to improved education and longer life in twenty four developing countries as a result of integration 融合 of local economies into the world economy Home to some three billion people these twenty four countries have seen incomes increase at an average rate of five percent compared to two percent in developed countries 根据世界银 的数据 世界银 是主要 持者之 经济全球化已经在许多发展中国家帮助减 少贫困 它引 了 项研究 这项研究表明在24个发展中国家 由于当地经济融 世界经济 财富的增 加促进改善教育和长寿 约有三 亿 的这24国家 收 已经增加了平均5 较之于发达国家是 平均2 Those who advocate globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefit from new opportunities for small and home based businesses For instance small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in local open air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet 那些主张 持全球化的 主张0宣称发展中国家的经济将受益于那些给 企业和家庭企业的新机 会 例如 巴西的 农户 产坚果 最初只在当地露天市场销售 现在可以在世界范围内通过 络促销 他们的产品 Critics take a different view believing that economic globalization is actually widening the gap between the rich and poor A study carried out by the U N sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually profited from integration into the world economy and that the poor the uneducated unskilled workers and native peoples have been left behind Furthermore they maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses For example Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to export their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of business When large scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods or when superstores like Wal Mart move in these small businesses will not be able to keep up and will be crowded out 批评者持不同的观点 认为经济全球化实际上是拉 了贫富之间的差距 由联合国赞助的全球化 社会层 世界委员会进 的研究表明 只有少数发展中国家实际上受益于融 世界经济 那些贫穷 没有 受过教育的 技术的 和当地 被抛在后 此外 他们认为 全球化最终可能威胁的新兴企业 例 如 印度 匠 前似乎从全球化中获益 因为他们可以出 他们的产品 可能很快将 临激烈的竞争 这 样的竞争会让他们破产失业 当 型制造商开始 产同样的产品 或当像沃尔玛这样的超市进 这些 型企业将 法赶上不落后 将被挤出市场 One thing is certain about globalization there is no turning back Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world The challenge now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all 347 words 关于全球化 有 件事是确定的 再也不能回头了 技术进步结合更开放的政策已经创建了 个相互联系的世界 现在的挑战是找到 个 法来创建 种适合所有 的全球化 A For some people music is no fun at all About four percent of the population is what scientists call amusic People who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or 2 reproduce musical notes 调 Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale 对 些 来说 乐是毫 乐趣可 约百分之四的 科学家称之为amusic Amusic 来 没有能 识别和再现的 符 Amusic 经常不能区分两歌曲 如果 阶相差很远的话 他们只能听 出两个 符之间的差异 As a result songs sound like noise to an amusic Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other Life can be hard for amusics Their inability to enjoy music set them apart from others It can be difficult for other people to identify with their condition 病症 In fact most people cannot begin to grasp what it feels like to be amusic Just going to a restaurant or a shopping mall can be uncomfortable or even painful That is why many amusics intentionally stay away from places where there is music However this can result in withdrawal and social isolation I used to hate parties says Margaret a seventy year old woman who only recently discovered that she was amusic By studying people like Margaret scientists are finally learning how to identify this unusual condition 因此 对于amusic 歌曲听起来像噪声 许多amusic 把 乐之声 作 属 在彼此敲击 Amusic 活是难的 他们 法享受 乐 使得他们有别于其他 其他 很难认同他们的病 症 事实上 多数 法理解amusic 是怎么回事 只是去餐厅或购物中 可能是不舒服甚 痛苦 的 这就是为什么许多amusics故意远离有 乐的地 然 这可能导致他们停 参与 活动 和社 会隔离 我曾经讨厌聚会 玛格丽特说 她七 岁 最近才发现她是amusic 通过研究像玛格丽特 这样的 科学家们终于知道如何识别这种不寻常的病症 Scientists say that the brains of amusics are different from the brains of people who can appreciate music The difference is complex and it doesn t involve defective hearing Amusics can understand other nonmusical sounds well They also have no problems understanding ordinary speech Scientists compare amusics to people who just can t see certain colors 科学家认为 amusic 的 脑不同于能欣赏 乐 脑 不同点是复杂的 它不涉及听 有缺陷的 Amusic 可以很好地理解其他 乐的声 他们也毫 困难地能理解普通演讲 科学家们把 amusic 作那些不能看到某些颜 的 弱 Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed 诊断 For years Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music Now she knows that she is not alone There is a name for her condition That makes it easier for her to explain When people invite me to a concert I just say No thanks I m amusic says Margaret I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy 335 words 许多amusic 很 兴 当他们的病症是最后被诊断出来 多年来 玛格丽特对她 乐 的困 扰 感到尴尬 现在 她知道并不是她 个 这样 她这个病症 有点名 这使她更容易去解 释 当 们邀请我去 乐会 我只是说 不 谢谢 我是music 玛格丽特说 我只是希望我是在 七岁 时说的 不是七 岁 阅读 C A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high tech integrated systems Designed to do what a fly does naturally the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly 3 Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks 哈佛 学的 个 程师团队受 然 启发创建了第 个机器 苍蝇 机械苍蝇已成为 系列 新技术集成系统平台 来做苍蝇通常做的事 机器是肥肥家蝇的 迷你的翅膀让它呆在空中 执 被控制的飞 任务 It s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components 元件 said Robert Wood the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade A few years ago his team got the go ahead to start piecing together the components The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own he said 对我们来说 常重要的是要把这作为 个整体系统 不仅仅是 群单个组件的总和去看 伍 德说 他是哈佛 学 程学教授 致 于机器 苍蝇项 有 多年了 年前 他的 组得到了许可开 始拼凑组件 这样的项 增加的困难在于 实际上这些组件是没有现成的 所以我们必须开发 来开 发它们 他说 They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components each of which individually has to perform well but then has to be matched well to everything it s connected to said Wood The flight device was built into a set of power computation sensing and control systems Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured 他们设计了 系列系统去启动和驱动机器 苍蝇 看似简单的系统 只是移动翅膀 其实是有着 许多单个部件之间相互依赖的关联 其中每个单独表现良好 但随后必须匹配所有的连接的部件 伍德 说 飞 装置建成 组动 计算 传感和控制系统 Wood说 项 的成功证明 这些微 部件做成 的飞 机器 可以被建造和 产 While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small off board power source the goal is eventually to equip it with a built in power source so that it might someday perform data gathering work at rescue sites in farmers fields or on the battlefield Basically it should be able to take off land and fly around he said 虽然第 个机器器连着 个 的外置电源 但我们的 标是最终装备内置电源 这样也许有 天在 救援地点或在农民的 地或在战场上执 数据收集 作 基本上应该可以起飞 着落和飞来飞去 他 说 Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect scale Yet the power sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions you know to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals but using these robots instead he said So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis 伍德说 这种设计提供了 种新 法研究飞 学和控制昆 那么 例 然 內载动 传感和 计算技术会有更 泛的应 你可以开始考虑使 它们回答开放式科学问题 你知道的 去研究 物 学 研究动物困难的 式 但是使 这些机器 则相反 会容易多 他说 所以有很多技术和开放 性的有趣的科学问题 那些真的是 复 地在驱动着 鞭策 我们 4 回答问题 A study of more than five million books both fiction and non fiction has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time The researchers from the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books to search for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger dislike fear joy sadness and surprise 有 份对五百多万本书 说和 说作品 进 的研究 发现随着时间的推移 情感词的使 有显著下降 布 斯托尔 学的研究 员使 歌Ngram Viewer 个在扫描书籍中发现特定 语使 频率的设备 搜索600多个特定单词 这些单词被标识为代表愤怒 厌恶 恐惧 快乐 悲伤和惊奇 They found that almost all of the categories 类别 showed a drop in these mood words over time Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage 他们发现 乎所有的类别显 随着时间的推移这些 情绪词 的使 有所下降 只有在恐惧这 类使 有所增加 It is a steady and continuous decrease said Dr Alberto Acerbi He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature in a crowded media landscape 局势 环境 One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media Maybe these media movies radio drama had more emotional content than books 这是 个稳定和持续的减少 Alberto Acerbi博 说 他认为 结果可能是由于在 个挤满媒体的 局