自考英语语法讲义及练习.doc

自考英语语法讲义及练习主要内容：1 动词时态和语态2非谓语动词3虚拟语气4定语从句和名词性从句1. 动词的时态和语态11 动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动被动doare donedidwere donewill dowill be done现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动被动are doingare being donewere doingwere being donewill be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动 被动have donehave been donehad donehad been donewill have donewill have been done现在完成进行时主动 被动have been doing1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995 汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g. We havent met each other since last year. By the end of this week, well have finished the task.2) 现在完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直e.g. The water has been running the whole night. 3) 过去完成时a) said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. b) hardlywhen, no sooner thane.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call. c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.I wish I had done better in the exam. 历年考题中的动词时态和语态1.Much of the carbon in the earth _ (come) from things that once lived. 2. In the past two decades, research _ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream. 3. Some proverbs _ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed. 4. _ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat. 5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bushs approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling _ (begin) in the 1930. 6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day _ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should. 7. So far, Irving _ (live) in New York City for ten years. 8. The patient _ (send) to another hospital before we got there. 9. The second half of the nineteenth century _ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. 10. All the worries they might have felt for him _ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face. Key:1. comes一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数2. has expanded现在完成时3. has been现在完成时4. Standing过去进行时的倒装形式5. began 一般过去时6. makes一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数7. has been living现在完成进行时8. had been sent 过去完成时的被动形式9. witnessed一般过去时10. were driven 一般过去时的被动2. 非谓语动词2.1 动词主要时态和语态一览表非谓语动词形式意义现在分词一 般 式Doing主动, 正在进行被 动 式being done被动, 正在进行完成主动式having done主动, 已经完成完成被动式having been done被动, 已经完成过去分词Done被动, 已经完成动词不定式一 般 式to do主动,将要进行被 动 式to be done被动, 将要进行完成主动式to have done主动, 已经完成进行主动式to be doing主动, 正在进行2.2. 非谓语动词作状语动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）Being very tired, my father didnt go out with us. （原因）Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）2.4 非谓语动词作定语1) If there is no choice, there is no decision _ (make). (to be made) 2) Do you know the man _ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing) 3) The question _ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) 4) The bridge _ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) 2.5 动名词和动词不定式* 作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。e.g Rising early is good for health. To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.My biggest wish is to go abroad. Seeing is believing. * 作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc. 接动词不定式作宾语的动词：want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：5) forget, remember, regret6) stop, continue7) need/ want 8) allow doing/ allow sb to do 1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time? Sorry, I forgot to lock the door. 2) I cant stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand? 3)The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut. 4)We dont allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 历年考题中的非谓语动词1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys _ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 2. Anyone _(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes _ (control) his direction. 4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _ (use) in experiments may decrease. 5.It seems reasonable to assume that, other things _ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. 6.This poem, if _ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense. 7.They may have their passports _ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. 8. Her body, with hands and feet _ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. 9. I couldnt help but _ (feel) this is a very strange life. 10. Let us consider the earth as a planet _ (revolve) round the sun. Key: 1. doing动名词做enjoy的宾语2. wanting现在分词作定语3. to control动词不定式作目的状语4. used过去分词作定语5. being现在分词用在独立结构中6. translated连词加过去分词作状语7. removed过去分词作宾补8. bound过去分词用在独立结构中9. feelcouldnt help but 后接动词原形10. revolving现在分词作定语3. 虚拟语气第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间从句主句与现在事实相反did/ wereshould/could/would + do与过去事实相反had doneshould/could/would + have done与将来事实相反were to doshould doshould/could/would + do e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it. If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier. If the job were to succeed, you should work harder. 第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气1) would rather + 从句2) wish + 从句3) if only + 从句4) as if/ as though + 从句5) Its time + 从句e.g. I would rather you didnt tell me the story now. I would rather you had told me the story yesterday. 第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句； 3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is that句型中；4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off. He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 历年考题中的虚拟语气1. If it hadnt been for your help, we _ (be) in real trouble. 2. He would have given you more help, if he _ (not be) so busy. 3. It is high time that we _ (take) firm measures to protect our environment. 4. It was imperative that students _ (finish) their papers before July 1st. 5. They demanded that the right to vote _ (give) to every adult person. 6. There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _ (receive) $10 more. 7. I would rather he _ ( buy) the house next year. 8. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _ (meet) them before. 9. Should she come tomorrow, I _ take her to the museum. A canB willC wouldD must10. If we _ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. A hadnt gotB didnt getC wouldnt have gotD wouldnt get Key: 1. would have been与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句2.had not been与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句3. tookIt is high time +过去式的虚拟形式4.should finish/finishIt was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式5. be givendemand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式6. should have received与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。7. boughtwould rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。8. had metas if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。9. C与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。10. A从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。4. 定语从句和名词性从句4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if 2） 连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that, which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。e.g. 1) The story (that) he told me may not be true.定语从句2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句4.3 什么时候用介词which 的形式?如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。e.g. 1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful. 2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful. 4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句which 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。As有“正如”的意思，而which没有。1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。2)He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句1. Studies have shown _ teenagers often suffer from depression. A thatB whichC in whichD in that2. It is a well-known fact _ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.A thatB ifC whenD whether 3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order _ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. A whichB whatC thatD in that 4. It is not yet known _ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision. A whetherB ifC thatD how 5. Such attitudes amount to a belief _ leisure can and should be put to good use. A whichB ifC whetherD that 1. The reason for making a decision is _ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. A whyB becauseC whereD that 7. _ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. A WhatB WhetherC ThatD Which 8. Very few people understood this contract, _ was very obscure. A the languageB the language of whichC all it saidD which it had said 9. Often music was played out of doors, _ nature provided the environment. A whichB thatC in whichD where10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, _, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products. A whereB whichC asD thatKey: 1. Athat 引导宾语从句2. Athat 引导同位语从句3. Cthat 引导同位语从句4. Ait为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句5. Dthat 引导同位语从句6. Dthat 引导表语从句7. Awhat 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语8. Bthe language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语9. Dwhere引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语10. A where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语结束语：掌握语法题的要诀在于1）牢记上述表格；2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法Passive Voice and Subjunctive MoodI. Consider the following questions:1. Why is it sometimes necessary to use the passive voice? (6.1)2. Under what circumstances do we need to leave out the prepositional phrase of by + agent from a passive voice sentence? (6.1, 6.1.3)3. Can be-passive always be replaced by get-passive? Why or why not? (6.1.1)4. What is special about the pseudo-passive? 6.1.1)5. How many types of voice constraints have we discussed in this chapter? Use examples to illustrate the various voice constraints. (6.1.2)6. What are the two major types of the subjunctive mood? (6.2)7. What is special about the subjunctive mood in this book as compared with the traditional way of classifying verbs? (6.2)II. Turn the following active-voice sentences into the passive if possible, using by-phrase if necessary:1. We should bear in mind that he did all this out of his patriotism.2. Who wrote War and Peace?3. Did you send my package by EMS?4. A garbage man collected the garbage just now.5. No one has ever invited her to a party since then.6. The police, not your parents, are going to punish you for drunken driving.7. Among the 375 passengers, only a baby survived the aircrash.8. He raised his hand as if to ask a question.9. How are you getting on with your new roommate?10. Why did you make such a terrible mess of my house? 11. Dont try to expect them to reward you with the money they promised.12. She enjoys their praising her children at school.III. Fill in each blank with the proper subjunctive form of the verb in brackets:1. I recommend that favourable consideration _ (be) given to his application for admission.2