高中英语 语法精讲(Unit 14 Freedom fighters)大纲人教.doc

语法精讲 被动语态（voice）1.概念当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动语态。2.构成“助动词be+过去分词”。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，也可以构成否定或疑问式。3.用法被动语态常用于下列场合：需要强调动作的承受者；只知道动作的承受者，不知道谁是动作的执行者；论述科技内容的文体需要强调客观性和科学性。如：The bridge was made of stone.这座桥是石头砌的。A lot of people were killed in the fire.许多人葬身于火海中。Pollution should be done away with.污染一定要消除。4.各种时态的被动语态及其他形式的被动语态（见下表）时态名称被动形式（以do为例）一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时will/shall be done过去将来时would be done现在进行时am/is/are bing done过去进行时was/were being done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done情态动词can/may/must be done不定式to be done;to have been done现在分词being done;having been done动名词being done;having been done5.用主动式表示被动含义的几种情况A.用谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义a)表示状态特征的连系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear+形容词/名词构成的系表结构。如：The steel feels cold.这块钢摸起来凉。The plan proved practical.这个计划证明是实用的。b)表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如：Class begins.上课！The shop closes at 6 every day.这家商店每天6点关门。c)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词read,write,act,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink等。这类动词后一般加一个修饰性的状语。如：The coat dries easily.这上衣很容易干。The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来滑顺。d)少数动词如print,build,cook,fly,hang,build,make等用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如：The textbooks are printing. 这些课本正在印刷中。B用非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义a)want,need,require作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如：The road needs/wants/requires repairing.这条公路该修修了。b)形容词worth后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如：The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。c)不定式在某些形容词如difficult,easy,hard,comfortable,pleasant,fit,unfit,light,heavy,good,safe,dangerous等后作状语且和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后面省去了for sb.。如：The book is difficult（for me）to understand.这本书很难看明白。The boy is easy （for people） to get along with.这男孩很容易相处。We found English difficult to learn.我们发现英语难学。d)在“have sth.to do或give sb.sth.to do”的句式中，不定式作名词的后置定语，既与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I have an important meeting to attend.我有一个重要的会议要参加。I will give the children some good books to read.我要给孩子们一些好书读。e)在“there be”句型中修饰主语的动词不定式用主动形式和被动形式都行。在口语中多用主动形式。如：There are many things to do/to be done.有好多事情要做。f)不定式to let,to blame等表示被动含义。如：The car is to let.汽车出租。The parents are to blame for the spoiled child.对这个宠坏了孩子的父母该受责备。C介词in,on,under等+n.构成的介词短语表示被动含义。如：The shop is in the possession of Mr.James.（=The house is possessed by Mr.James.）这个商店是詹姆斯先生的。The question is under discussion.（=The question is being questioned.）这个问题正在讨论。Lots of books are on show.（=Lots of books are being shown.）许多书在展览。考题再现【考例1】(2006北京高考,30) Your job _open for your return.Thanks.A.will be kept B.will keep C.had kept D.had been kept解析:本题考查将来时态的被动语态。keep the job/the position open使工作、职位等处于空缺状态，由句意“随时欢迎你回来工作”可知用将来时。答案:A【考例2】(2006上海高考，32) When he turned professional at the age of 11,Mike _ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.A.expected B.was expectingC.was expected D.would be expected解析:Mike与expect之间为动宾关系，故需用被动语态，由从句含义可以确定其时态为过去时。答案:C【考例3】(2006江西高考，29) After he became conscious,he remembered _and_ on the head with a rod.A.to attack;hit B.to be attacked;to be hitC.attacking;be hit D.having been attacked;hit解析:根据前面“After he became conscious”，所以应该用remember doing表示记得干过某事，同时又是被动语态（被袭击），所以第一个空应该选having been attacked。另外根据and连接的两个词表示并列，hit应该和attack采用同样的语态，hit的过去分词还是hit。答案:D【考例4】(2006全国高考，29 ) The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.A.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels解析:feel是常用词，含义广泛，可表示感官、情感、想法等，主要指通过感官感知或知觉。作连系动词时，后接形容词，表示“摸上去”，不用作被动语态。根据所提供的情景“when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise”可判断出要用一般过去时，表示过去发生的事。答案:C【考例5】 This kind of cloth_well and_ long.A.washes;is lasted B.is washed;lastedC.washes;lasts D.is washing;lasting 解析：由句意可知“这种布料好洗且穿得时间长”，应该使用一般现在时态。wash，last表示“洗起来”“穿起来”都使用主动式表示被动。答案：C【考例6】(2006天津一模) What about the books?Books of this kind _well.A.sell B.sells C.are sold D.is sold解析：考查语态。这个句子中的sell是用主动形式表示被动含义，这些动词说明的是主语的特征或性质，常和一个副词连用，又如：write smoothly,wash easily等。答案：A【考例7】 My bike needs _.Which one is wrong？A.repairing B.to be repairedC.repairs D.repaired解析：在need,want,require后应使用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。另，repair还可作名词使用，故repairs也是正确的。答案：D【考例8】 I found the German language hard _.A.to learn B.to be learned C.learning D.learned解析：to learn在形容词hard之后作状语且与the German language构成逻辑上的动宾关系，因此不定式应用主动形式表示被动意义。本句还可变为I found the German language was hard to learn.答案：A【考例9】(2005南京一模) Manager,do you have something _at this moment?No,thanks.Ill call you if any.A.to be typed B.to type C.typing D.typed解析：该句考查学生的思维品质、分析句子结构和逻辑关系的能力。此处语境表明，要做事的不是经理本人，既表示被动又表示将来。答案：A【考例10】(2006安徽高考，35) Mr.Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one_ .A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed解析：to blame作the one的定语。blame一词常用