名词和数词讲解篇.doc

名词篇：名词的种类：英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Jilin, Tom, China, (1)零冠词，如Yale University,Beijing Railway Station,是由专有名词+普通名词组成，往往为并列关系。(2)定冠词，如the United States，the Great Wall,由形容词+普通名词组成。(3) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .4、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1. 规则名词的复数形式：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dishdishes, benchbenches, glasses, dresses, wishes, faxes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives, shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, half-halves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs,4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities, baby-babies, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros /zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, toothteeth, childchildren, goosegeese2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（表整体）也可以作复数（表其中的人或者成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party, police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish,以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches9名词作定语把主要名词变成复数, 做定语的名词一把用单数a boy student- some boy students， an apple tree-some apple trees, a shoe factory- some shoe factories, an eight-year-old boy,名词作定语将两部分都变为复数a woman singer-women singers, a man teacher-men teachers,名词作定语，a sports bag-two sports bag, a clothes store-two clothes stores10常以复数形式出现scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子glasses 玻璃杯people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks11单复数意义不同fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡5、名词所有格：名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格，相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。三是双重所有格。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, Jims bed , the mans wife, the foxs tail复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, Childerns Day, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house, the students books, Teachers Day, my boss office, a girls dormitory表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father, Lucy and Lilys bedroom表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the barbers, the tailors, my uncles my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book, a map of the world , the story of a hero , the windows of the room , the title of the film用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students某些of所有格和s所有格可以互换。the son of a poor peasanta poor peasants son一个贫农的儿子但有时含义却不相同，请比较下面的例子：an old womans story(一个老妇人讲自己的身世) the story of an old woman(别人讲一个老妇人的身世)4. 双重所有格在意义上与one of.相似1of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友) =one of my fathers friends,a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)=one of my friends此外，不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词(some, any, many, no, few等)以及which等限定词，采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。例如：most of the students学生中的大多数three of them他们中的三个人I like reading some books of his.我喜欢读他的一些书。Which book of Qiong Yaos do you like best?你最喜欢琼瑶的哪一本书？6、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是是单数或者不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。主语是复数时，谓语动词用复数。如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)。The students are working hard.2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of, some既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。单复数看后边名词。如：Some students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数, 但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物或者表示一个人或事物的两个身份时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)。The teacher and writer is coming.（这教师兼作家马上要来了。）8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间，距离，金钱等度量衡时，谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)。Two thousand dollars isnt a large amount of money. (两千美元不是一笔大数目)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 有的单词有两种含义，既可数，也不可数，根据意思鉴别：Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(人口，强调数量，单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(人口，强调人，复数)7. 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk.作主语。 书包在桌子里边。I washed my clothes yesterday.作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. 作表语。 这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor.作宾语补助语。 我们选他为我们的班长。 Mary lives with her parents.作介词宾语. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 He is a Party member.作定语. 他是一名党员。 They study hard day and night.作（时间）状语。 他们白天黑夜地学习。 四、数词： 1、 英语中常用的基数词有：1000one(a) thousand,10000 ten thousand,100000one hundred thousand ,1000000one million,10000000ten million, 100000000one hundred million,108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001one thousand and one, 1813one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、注：(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, 等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成上”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的)2、序数词如下：1000thone thousandth, 1000000th one millionth., 第703the seven hundred and third, 第5480the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.3、注：(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部