高二英语上学期第三单元小结.doc

1. cost n .U 费用，代价对于许多父母来说,两份薪水支付上学的费用是很基本的.For many parents, two salaries are essential to cover the cost of (= pay for) school fees.v .T cost, cost How much does this book cost (= What is the price of this book)? costly : adj. expensive: 昂贵的2 cover v.采访，报道She covered the outbreak of bird flu in Viet Nam. 她在越南采访有关禽流感暴发事件。. 掩饰，隐藏She laughed to cover her anxiety.她试图以笑来掩饰她的焦虑。（不用被动语态）行过（路程），学过We covered about 30 miles a day.我们每天大约走三十英里。（钱）足够付Is the money enough to cover the tuition?这笔钱付学费够吗？3 eager adj.渴望的，be eager for sth. 热切/渴望He was eager for success.be eager to do sth.渴望做某事 eager anxious 都有“渴望”之意，Eager带有更多的热切、兴奋的情绪。Anxious带有更多的焦虑的心情。4 case 事实，实情，情况,事例，实例in case 以防；可能；in case of 如果；万一in that/this case 在那样/这种情况下 in no case 决不注意：in case 的从句常用一般现在时表示将来，或should +do.1._ fire, ring the alarm bell. 2._ he comes, let me know. 3._ should the bird flu be spread. 4.It might rain tomorrow. _ we will have to put off the sports meet until next Friday In case of In case In no case In that case5 look forward to : 她盼望着再次看到她的孙子孙女们. She was looking forward to seeing the grandchildren again.6 experienced adj. 有经验的，熟练的，be experienced at/ in 在某方面熟练He is very experienced in/ at repairing cars.7 avoid(避免) doing sth. deny(否认) doing sth. Admit(承认) doing sth.8 so as to 与 in order to so as to 只能放在主句后in order to 可放在主句前，也可放在主句后9 accuse, charge, blame 词义辨析accuse （指控 ）sb. of ( doing ) sth. charge ( 指控 ）sb. with ( doing ) sth.accuse ( 指责 ）sb. of (doing ) sth. blame （ 责备 ）sb. for ( doing ) sth.10 Practice相关短语或表达：Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 put sth. into practice 把付诸于实践practise doing sth. in practice 在实践中 out of practice疏于练习11 life-style n. way of life 生活方式eg: He and his brother have quite different life-styles.12 regular adj. 有规律的,定期的regularly adv. 13 in the long term 就长期而言in the short term就短期而言就长期而言，这件事是值得做的。It is worth doing in the long term.14 skip vt.跳过,略过We skipped science class again.我们又一次逃了自然科学课15 Control vt.&n.控制,管理,调节我们大家都要学会控制自己.All of us should learn to control ourselves.lose control of sth. get sth. under control out of control16 take in （1）吸收，吸入（2）了解，理解，领会17 This is how the story goes. go:流通，流传The story goes that.据说 An old saying goes有一句俗话18 be supposed to do sth.表示主语被要求做某事，含有必须、应该或理应做某事之意be supposed to 的不定式可以有完成式，表示应该做而未做的事He is supposed to have come to the meeting now.他本该现在已到了（但他没来）1.Anne couldnt concentrate _ what she was doing while her family were watching TV. A. to B. on C. for D. in 2. It might rain tomorrow, _ we will have to put off the sports meet until next Friday. A. in case B. if possible C. in which case D. in that case3. The train _ arrive at 1:30, but it was an hour late. A. was about to B. was likely to C. was certain to D. was supposed to 4._disturb his sleeping father, Tom tiptoed into his room. A. So as not to B. In order not to C. So that not D. In order that not 5. Jane was painting the bells and _ Pat was watching TV. A. at eh meanwhile B. meanwhile C. when D. while 6. During summer holidays, I always take up gardening as my _ to pass my time. A. occupation B. business C. profession D. employmentBCDBBA语法部分：带to doing的常用结构1. 动词+介词to+动名词（1）admit to doing sth 承认做了某事(2) apply to doing sth 适用于做某事(3) object to doing sth 反对做某事(4) see to doing sth 负责做某事(5) stick to doing sth 坚持做某事(6) take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事2. 动词+宾语+介词to+动名词(1) apply oneself to doing sth 专心致力于做某事(2) devote sth / oneself to doing sth 把献给 / 献身于做某事(3) limit sth to doing sth 把限制在做某事的范围内(4) reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事(5) give ones life to doing sth 献身于做某事(6) pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事(7) set ones mind to doing sth 决心做某事(8) addict oneself to doing 沉溺于做某事3. be +形容词+介词to+动名词be equal to doing sth 能胜任做某事be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事be reduced to doing sth使某人沦为做某事be devoted to doing sth 献身、致力于做某事be limited to doing sth 把限制在做某事的范围内So +助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 表示上述肯定情况也适用于该主语。I was at Center School last year. So was my friend Bob.去年我在中心学校，我朋友鲍勃也是。I have seen the film twice; so has my sister.这部电影我已经看过两遍，我姐姐也是。相关链接：1.Neither/ Nor +助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 表示上述否定情况也适用于该句主语。2.It is the same with +名词/代词宾格 So it is with +名词/代词宾格 表示上述混合情况（肯定和否定的混合没有统一的助动词）也适用于该句主语。3.So + 主语+ 助动词/系动词/情态动词 表示对上述情况的赞同或证实，前后主语一致。4.主语+动词+so 主语做了前文所述的事情。 a good amount of “许多，大量”，修饰不可数名词。 1) a good / great many a large/ great / good number of a good few / quiet a few +可数名词复数（作主语时谓语动词用复数） 2) many a/ an +单数可数名词（作主语时，谓语动词用单数）3) a great/ good deal of a good/ large amount of +不可数名词（作主语时，谓语动词用单数） 4）a lot of=lots ofplenty of +可数名词复数或不可数名词（作主语时谓语动词根据名词确定a large great quantity of large quantities of +可数名词复数（作主语时谓语动词用复数）或不可数（作主语时谓语动词由quantity的单复数决定）过去分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致.(1) 作状语：分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语保持一致的情况下，如果分词和句子的主语之间在逻辑上是被动关系，用过去分词，否则用现在分词。分词短语也可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。分词作状语可以相当于一个状语从句。现在分词的被动式，习惯上不作伴随状语。注意比较下面的句子：Seen from the space, the earth looks blue. = When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.Kept in refrigerator, these vegetables willremain fresh.= If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain freshWalking in the street, I came across an old friend.= When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.2) 作表语：一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，-ed形式常和人有关，-ing形式常和物有关。look, expression等词作主语时常用-ed形式作表语，但有时要看具体情况。请在下面的几组句中体会他们的区别The news was very exciting. I was excited at it. The book is interesting. He is interested in itThe question is puzzling. His look is puzzled.His expression was frightening. I was frighteneddelighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的tiring令人疲倦的- tired感到疲倦的boring 令人厌烦的-bored 感到厌烦的(3) 作定语：过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作已完成；现在分词作定语表示u The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew.The building being built is a hospital.u The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of natureu Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, known as 3M.u The key to solving the problem is to meet the demand made by the customers. u Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices. 便于记忆-ed形式和-ing形式作表语及作定语时的区别的句子：I am interested in the interesting book.He was excited at the exciting news.The parents were disappointed about their disappointing son. Mr. Smith, tired of the boringspeech, started to read a novel.(4)作补语：跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find,feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heardWhen he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.Just now I caught him stealing things from the supermarket.Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents worried. NOTE:非谓语动词使用条件: 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。并非分词的逻辑主语都要和句子的主语一致。此时的分词短语又可称为垂悬状语。有些动词不定式也可以这样运用。常见的这种情况有：Strictly speaking, smoking is not allowed hereJudging from what he said, he is a southernerTaken as a whole, there is nothing important in his speech.To tell you the truth, I dont like English teacherTo speak frankly, I dont agree with you about the case.1- Whats the language _ in New Zealand? A. Speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak2. The car _ in Germany in the 1960s looks old now.A. produced B. producing C. to produce D. which produced3. - Youd better have your sports jacket _. Its too dirty.- Thanks. I will.A. to wash B. washed C. washing D. wash4. Yesterday I heard a story _ by my friend.A told B. telling C. to tell D. tell5. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _as the plane was making a landing. A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating6. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed7. Generally speaking, when _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.A. taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken8. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. having been writtenB. to be written C. being writtenD. written9. Is this the watch you wish _?A. to have repaired B. to repair it C. to have it repaired D. will be repaired10. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A Having been told B. Though he had been told C. He was told D. Having toldBABAC CBDAC链接高考1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year. （2000全国）Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out2. _ the general state of his health it may take him a while to recover from the operation. （2000北京春季）A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 3. As we joined the big crowd I got _from my friends. （01全国）A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed4. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when_ at the meeting by my boss. （04全国IV） A. questioningB. have questionedC. questionedD. to be questioned5. You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it_ often enough. （05天津卷） A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained6. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. （02全国）begins having begun Beginning begun7. _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police (05江苏卷) A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing 8. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （05湖南卷）A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed9._ time, hell make a fist-class tennis player. （03北京）A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given10. The repairs cost a lot, but its money well . （05湖北卷）Ato spend Bspent Cbeing spent Dspending 11. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents （04重庆）A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry12.A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. （04江苏）A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted13. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _vacation to China. (05北京卷) A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid14. _ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for