国际贸易法Chapter 3.ppt

Chapter3LawsforInternationalTransportation Unit1DefinitionsUnit2LawsonB LUnit3Carrier srightsandObligationsUnit4Shipper sObligationsandClaimUnit5LawsofOtherKindsofTransportation Unit1Definitions1 1Definitionof ContractofInternationalCarriagebySea Anycontractwherebythecarrierundertakesagainstpaymentoffreighttocarrygoodsbyseafromoneporttoanotherportinanothercountry 1 2DefinitionsofCarrier ShipperandConsignee 1 Carrier anypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper 2 Shipper 1 Anypersonbywhomorinwhosemaneoronwhosebehalfacontractofacarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithacarrier 2 Anypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfthegoodsareactuallydeliveredtothecarrierinrelationtothecontractofcarriagebysea 3 Consignee thepersonentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoods Case1ThesellerconcludedacontractwithaHKcompanyonFOBShanghai T T Thedefendantisthecarrier Theplaintiffdeliveredthegoodstothewarehouseofthedefendant AlthoughtheplaintiffrequiredtheB Lshouldbegiventotheplaintiff thedefendantgavethebuyertheB L Andthebuyerrefusedtopay ThecourtofHongKongheldthatthecarrierisofnoimpropertogivetheB Ltothebuyer asundertheFOBcontract thebuyeristheonewhoseleasetheshippingspace 1 Isthejudgmentjustified 2 Whatshouldwedotoavoidsuchdamages Unit2LawsonB L2 1TheRelevantConventions2 2MainContentsofB L2 3FunctionsofB L2 4TypesofB L Abilloflading BOL OCEANBILLOFLADING大提单 Housebilloflading小提单 orB L Adocumentissuedbyacarrier e g aship smasterorbyacompany sshippingdepartment acknowledgingthatspecifiedgoodshavebeenreceivedonboardascargoforconveyancetoanamedplacefordeliverytotheconsigneewhoisusuallyidentified Definitionofbilloflading 2 1TheRelevantConventions1 ConventionsConcerningB L2 ConventionsonCharter3 NationalLaws ConventionsConcerningB L 1 HagueRulesof1924 2 TheVisbyRules 3 TheHamburgRules 4 DifferencebetweentheConventions 1 HagueRulesof1924 InternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawrelatingtoBillsofLading Firstattempttoexcludeshipownersfromallliabilityforlossordamageofcargo Thebasisofnationallegislationinalmostalloftheworld smajortradingnationsCovermorethan90 ofworldtrade Updatedbytwoprotocols议定书 butneitheraddressedthebasicliabilityprovisions whichremainunchanged 2 TheVisbyRules ProtocoltoAmendtheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLading 3 TheHamburgRules UnitedNationsConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySea HamburgRules Coverlessthan5 ofworldmaritimetrade 2 ConventionsonCharterCharterContractsUniformGeneralCharter 1 BaltimeBerthCharterPartySteamer FormC 2 AustralianGrainCharterParty 3 TankerVoyageCharterParty 4 1 统一杂货租船合同 2 巴尔的摩C式 3 澳大利亚谷物租船合同 4 油船航次租船合同 3 NationalLawsJapaneseMaritimeLawChineseMaritimelawUKCarriageofGoodsbySeaActandU S CarriageofGoodsbySeaActof1936 COGSA 2 2MainContentsofB L 1 ShipperorConsignor2 Consignee3 B LNo 4 NotifyParty addressedto5 OceanVesselandVoyageNo 6 PortofLoading7 PortofDischarge8 PlaceofDelivery9 MarkandNo s 10 No ofPackages11 Descriptionofgoods12 GrossWeight Measurement13 TotalnumberofPackagesinWords14 FreightandCharges15 No ofOriginalB s L16 PlaceandDateofIssue18 NumberofOriginalB L17 Signedforthecarrier 2 3FunctionsofB L1 EvidenceofTransportationbySeaContract2 Receipt3 ABasisforDelivery4 DocumentofTitle ReceiptThestatementsmadeonthebillofladingareregardedasprimafacieevidence 1 ofthereceiptofthegoodsasdescribedunder 1 praima feifi 初步证据 2 EvidenceofContract 1 Whyisevidence butnotthecontractitself 2 B Lcanbeoverturned 1 3 Totheconsignee B Lisfinalevidencewith2exceptions Badnotes Forexample intheB L Packageindamagedcondition ismarked Unknown clause Forexample intheB L saidtocontain or unknown ismarked 3 BasisforDeliveryCarriermustdeliverthegoodstotheproperholderofB L 4 DocumentofTitle TransferoftheB Lbythesellertothebuyerisdeemedtobesymbolicdelivery 1 ofthegoodstothebuyer 1 象征性交货B Lisatransferabledocumentalthoughinsomejurisdictionsitisconsideredasanegotiableinstrument Case1Asteamerwascarrying15thousandbagsofcocoafromBraziltoChina TheCaptainissuedaCleanB L Theconsigneefoundthat930bagswereshortofweight TheconsigneesuedagainstthecarrierclaimingthatthegoodswerenotincompliancewiththeB L Thecarrierarguedthathehadnoenoughtimetocheckbagbybagandhewasnotresponsiblefortheshortweight Q 1 Betweentheconsigneeandthecarrier istheB Lfinalevidenceorprimafacieevidence 2 Shouldthecarrierberesponsiblefortheshortweight Why CaseTWOTheplaintiff SHTranspotationCom markedintheloadinglist 收货单 whenloadingthedefendant swhitesugar Thedefendantopenedaletterofguaranteetotheplaintiffinordertonegotiateandcollectpaymentintime Theplaintiff consideredthatitwasveryinconvenientforthedefendanttoreplacethegoodsandissuedacleanB Lunderthecircumstancethattheplaintiffpromisedtotaketheresponsibility Whenthegoodsarrived thereceiverclaimedforlosesofthegoodsandsuedtheplaintiff Q 1 Whatisthelegaleffectoftheletterofguarantee 2 Canthecarrierrefusetopaytheconsigneewhenthelaterclaims Why 2 4TypesofB L1 Shipped OnBoard B LandreceivedforshipmentB L2 CleanB LanduncleanB L3 Straight blankandorderB L4 Direct transshipment throughbilloflading5 LinerB L containerB LandcombinedtransportB L6 LongformandshortformB L7 OnDeckB L staleB L antedatedB LandadvancedB L Attention CleanB L AcleanB LisaB Lwherethecarrierhasnotedthatthemerchandisehasbeenreceivedinapparentgoodcondition noapparentdamage loss etc andwhichdoesnotbearsuchnotationsas Shipper sLoadandCount Ifdefectsarefoundontheexteriorsofthegoods ortheshippingcompanydoesnotagreetoanyofthestatementsintheB L thebillwillbemarkedas unclean foul or packagesindamagedcondition UncleanB Lisusuallyunacceptabletothebuyerandbanks CaseThecarrierrequiredtoissueauncleanoceanbillofladingashefoundthegoodstobeshippedhadmildewstain Buttheshipperinsistedthatthegoodswasinconformitywiththesalescontractandtheuncleanbillofladingwasnotgoodfornegotiation So theshippermissedtheshipandwaslateindelivery Q Shouldthecarrierissuecleanbilloflading Unit3Carrier srightsandObligations3 1Carrier sRights3 2Carrier sObligations3 3Carrier sLiabilityImmunities3 4LimitationsofLiability3 5PeriodofResponsibility3 6LosingtheLimitationofResponsibility 3 1Carrier sRights ThefreightchargeDamageswhenitisbecauseoftheshipperortheconsignee sfault 3 2Carrier sObligations1 SeaworthyObligation2 ObligationofTakingCareofGoods3 NoUnreasonableDeviation4 DispatchGoods5 IssueB L 1 SeaworthyObligation Time BeforeandatthebeginningofthevoyageContents 1 Maketheshipseaworthy 2 Properlyman equipandsupplytheship 3 Maketheholds refrigeratingandcoolchambers andallotherpartsoftheshipfitandsafeforgoods Thisdutyisnotabsolute justaskthecarriertoexerciseduediligence谨慎处理 恪尽职守 Case1AnAmericanCompanycarriedoilfromNYtoSHH ThesalescontractwasbasedonCFRterm Duringtransit stronggaleshooktheship Theoilleakedout Fromtheinspectionreport thefactwasfoundthat1 3millionRMBofoilislost 2 8plating 1 werelooseandthescarwasnotfresh 3 Theboardoutsidepanelwascorrodedover50 4 Theshipperandtheconsigneeaskedthecarriertotakeresponsibilitywhilethelaterwouldnot Q 1 Istheshipseaworthy Why 2 Shouldthecarriertakehisresponsibility 1 船壳板船壳板 Case2AsteamerwasreadytostartthesailfromU S toJapanandwashaulingbyatugboat Butsuddenly thesteamerhittheportandcausedafissureintheboardoutsidepanel Thecaptaindidnotcheckthesteamerwhilethereweretworopeswaslinkedtotheport Thegoodswasdamagedduringtransitbythewaterleakedthroughthefissure Theconsigneeclaimedfordamagewhilethecarrierarguedthattheshipwasseaworthyandshouldnotberesponsible Q 1 Wastheshipseaworthy 2 Shouldnotberesponsible Precedent1 1TheHellenicDolphinSeaworthyCase承运人运送一批石棉 在交付货物时发现石棉已经被海水严重污损 致损原因是一条四英尺长的通往货舱的凹痕 由于凹痕使海水渗入货舱导致货物受损 但是承运人对船舶上的这一凹痕并不知情 也没有证据可以证明该凹痕在船舶开航前或开航时就已经存在 法院判决 上诉法院认为 既然没有证据可以证明船舶不适航 而船舶在航行过程中又遭遇到大的风浪 法院推定凹痕是由本航次中遭遇的风浪所致 货物损失是由承运人可以免责的海上风险造成 承运人无需对货主承担责任 评析 该案实际上意味着不适航的举证责任应由货方承担 Precedent1 2RiverstoneMeatCompanyLtd 诉LancashireShippingCompanyLtd MuncasterCastle轮 案此案中 MuncasterCastle 轮于1953年2月进船坞进行特别检验和载重线年度检验 检验时 31个防浪阀全部打开 由劳氏检验人员进行检验 检验完毕后 由该船坞钳工将防浪阀重新盖好 但有一名很有经验的钳工没有把其中两个防浪阀的螺丝拧紧 致使该船从澳大利亚回航时 在海上遇到恶劣气候 海水通过防浪阀涌入第5舱 使该舱113箱牛舌受损 判决英国上议院推翻上诉法院的判决 判定谨慎处理使船舶适航是承运人承担的一项不能由他人代替的义务 承运人雇请他人代替履行这一义务 应对他人履行这一义务时的过失行为负责 2 ObligationofTakingCareofGoods LoadHandleStowCarryKeepcareforDischarge Precedent2 1CanadaRiceMillsv UnionMarineIns管货案船舶航行过程中遭遇暴风雨 为了防止海水灌入船舱 船长下令定期关闭通风设施和舱盖 货物由于舱内温度过高受热致损 货主以承运人未尽管货贻误起诉要求赔偿损失 法院判决 英国上诉法院认为 在发生暴风雨的情况下 承运人关闭通风设施和舱盖并非货物致损的唯一原因 在此条件下 关闭通风设施和舱盖实属正常 导致货损的真正原因是海难 因此 承运人可以援引海难免除其责任 评析 从这一案例 法院确立了为躲避海难采取措施导致货损承运人也免责的原则 3 NoUnreasonableDeviation 1 WhatisREASONABLE 2 Whatistheresultofunreasonabledeviation 3 Examplesofdeviation 1 WhatisREASONABLETheagreedorcustomaryorgeographicallydirectroute 1 Deviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea 2 oranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeanactdeviatingfromtheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph 1 地理上的航线 2 海上救助或企图救助 2 Whatistheresultofunreasonabledeviation breachofconditioncarriershouldnottaketheresponsibilityaccordingtotort 3 lawshouldnotenjoyliabilityimmunity 3 侵权 3 Examplesofdeviation Knowingthedestinationportisjam packed 1 thecarrierstillpromisedtounloadthegoodsattheport Atlast thecarrierhadtounloadthegoodsatanotherport Thecaptainofasteamerdeviatetoanewcourse 2 toavoidbadweatherbutthedecisionisnotright 1 拥挤 2 航线 Precedent3 Kish 货主 诉 Taylor 轮案按租船合同 承租人应提供足够的木材交由船舶承运 因承租人没提供足够的货物 船长另寻货物 但由于积载不良影响船舶的稳性 船舶在航行中遭遇大风浪 船长将船舶开至Halifax进行必要的修理 当船舶所有人在目的港留置货物要求货主承担滞期费和空舱费时 货主以船舶开航时不适航导致不合理绕航为由 主张船舶所有人不得享有合同项下的留置权 法院判决 英国上诉法院认为 尽管绕航由船舶不适航造成 但是绕航仍然是合理的 绕航是否合理不取决于造成绕航的原因 而取决于危险的真实存在 由此英国法院驳回货主的主张 评析 英国法下合理绕航的判断标准在于危险的真实存在与否 4 DispatchGoods Thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodscausedbydelayindeliveryduetothefaultofthecarrier exceptthosearisingorresultingfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliable ATTN Thereisnosuchrequirementsforliner 1 So itmustbesettledaforehead 1 班轮 3 3Carrier sLiabilityImmunities 1 FaultoftheMaster crewmembers pilotorservantofthecarrierinthenavigationormanagementoftheship 一 船长 船员 引航员或者承运人的其他受雇人在驾驶船舶或者管理船舶中的过失 2 Fire unlesscausedbytheactualfaultofthecarrier 二 火灾 但是由于承运人本人的过失所造成的除外 3 Forcemajeureandperils dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters 三 天灾 海上或者其他可航水域的危险或者意外事故 4 Warorarmedconflict 四 战争或者武装冲突 5 Actofthegovernmentorcompetentauthorities quarantinerestrictionsorseizureunderlegalprocess 五 政府或者主管部门的行为 检疫限制或者司法扣押 6 Strikes stoppagesorrestraintoflabour 六 罢工 停工或者劳动受到限制 7 Savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea 七 在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产 8 Actoftheshipper ownerofthegoodsortheiragents 八 托运人 货物所有人或者他们的代理人的行为 9 Natureorinherentviceofthegoods 九 货物的自然特性或者固有缺陷 10 Inadequacyofpackingorinsufficiencyorillegibilityofmarks 十 货物包装不良或者标志欠缺 不清 11 Latentdefectoftheshipnotdiscoverablebyduediligence 十一 经谨慎处理仍未发现的船舶潜在缺陷 12 Anyothercausearisingwithoutthefaultofthecarrierorhisservantoragent 十二 非由于承运人或者承运人的受雇人 代理人的过失造成的其他原因 1 FaultinthenavigationormanagementoftheshipManagementoftheshipvs ManagementofthegoodsJudge Whatdidthemanagementactionaimatdirectly 1 1 直接针对船舶还是货物 3 3Carrier sLiabilityImmunities Exercise tojudgeManagementoftheshiporManagementofthegoods 1 Inacoolday thecrewsheatedtheoiltopreventitfromcongealingbutforgottoturntheheatoffandmeltthegoodsontheoilfueltank 2 Duringsailingonsea acrewopenedthedoorofthetanktocheckthegoodsbutforgottocloseitwhenhewentoutofthetank Later thegoodswasdamagedbyseawater 2 Fire unlesscausedbytheactualfaultofthecarrier ExerciseJudge Whetherthecarriershallberesponsible1 Acrewsmokedintheshipandcausedfire 2 承运人明知轮机人员经常在机舱内违章明火作业而未加禁止而引起火灾 3 承运人为骗保险金指使船员纵火烧毁船舶 3 Forcemajeureandperils dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters Meaning DisastersmadebyGod FundamentalRequirements 1 Cannotbeforecastreasonably 不能合理预见2 Notintherisk proofscope 超出船舶所能抵御范围的海上风险 3 Both1and2aresustainable依法成立Eg 8 9级风浪是不是天灾 4 Warorarmedconflict 5 Actofthegovernmentorcompetentauthorities quarantinerestrictions 1 orseizureunderlegalprocess 2 Eg 船舶从那不勒斯运送一批柠檬到伦敦 船舶在马赛港停靠时根据法国政府规定接受灭鼠检疫 货物严重受损 承运人援引政府行为主张免责 判决 由于承运人在前一个航次中承运了来自疫区的货物 承运人应当预见到在马赛接受灭鼠检疫的可能性 因而法院驳回承运人的诉讼请求 评析 在英国法下 虽然政府行为可以作为承运人的免责事由 但如果这种政府行为造成的不利后果是承运人可以避免的 那么承运人就不能主张免责 6 Strikes stoppages 1 orrestraintoflabour Leonisv Rank罢工免责案船舶达到目的港时 港口刚工潮事件而复工 由于工潮期间码头积压了大量货物 承运人不得不在码头等待泊位 造成承运人延迟交货 货主要求承运人承担其损失 法院判决 虽然船舶到达港口时工潮已过去 但港口仍然处于非正常运转状态 由于罢工等后续原因导致的货主损失 承运人可以援引罢工免责 1 停工 7 Savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea 8 Actoftheshipper ownerofthegoodsortheiragents 9 Natureorinherentvice 1 ofthegoods eg 货轮A把苹果从布宜诺斯艾利斯运往温哥华 清洁提单 装船前检查没问题 到达温哥华 发现苹果毁损 货方要求船方赔偿 船方 苹果积载无不当 冷气系统无问题 货损原因在于苹果在装运前过热 不适于长途运输 属固有缺陷 问 若货损是由于积载不当引起 承运人是否应当承担责任 why 若属于固有缺陷 承运人是否应当承担责任 1 固有缺陷 10 Inadequacyofpackingorinsufficiencyorillegibilityofmarks 1 Anyproblemsinpacking carriershouldmakenoteswhenloading Iffails heshouldberesponsible Case上海公司与荷兰公司签订肠衣买卖合同 CIF 水桶装 上海远洋公司运输 要求将货物装在水线以下远离锅炉的舱位 清洁提单 船到目的港木桶全部被压碎 造成货损 荷兰公司索赔 承运人 途中遇大风浪使船舶剧烈颠簸和托运人对货物包装不当为由拒赔 承运人应承担责任 Thecarrierwhoisentitledtoexonerationfromtheliabilityforcompensationasprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphshall withtheexceptionofthecausesgiveninsubparagraph 2 beartheburdenofproof 1 货物包装不良或者标志欠缺 不清 11 Latentdefectoftheshipnotdiscoverablebyduediligence 1 1 duediligence经谨慎处理 Notabsolute Carrierisobligedtoproof 2 Latentdefects潜在的缺陷 aprofessional专业人员cannotfindoutwithusualcare一般的注意 通常指船的结构问题 eg船壳 机器 船舶附属品的缺陷 eg船舶钢板的螺钉松移 冷藏舱的橡皮联结漏水等 案例某轮开航前适航检查 检查船上喉管 由于一处被木箱覆盖 因此没检查 航行中 被盖住的喉管发生破裂 造成货损 货方 船舶不适航 所以承运人应该赔偿 船方 喉管被木箱所覆盖 属于 恪尽职责 仍不能发现的潜在缺陷 所以免责问 该喉管断裂是否属于 恪尽职责 仍不能发现的潜在缺陷 12 Anyothercausearisingwithoutthefaultofthecarrierorhisservantoragent 2 1 经谨慎处理仍未发现的船舶潜在缺陷 2 非由于承运人或者承运人的受雇人 代理人的过失造成的其他原因 3 4LimitationsofLiabilityExceptWhereacontainer palletorsimilarArticleoftransportWheretheArticleoftransportisnotownedorfurnishedbythecarrier 案例1 不莱顿 号承运2部冷气压缩机 从美国费城到德国不来梅 托运人在装船前声明货物的价值 卸货时发现一部货损 价值34550马克 承运人表示愿意承担责任 但是认为按照海牙归责 责任限制在每件100英镑之内 货主 压缩机并非一个 包件 承运人应当按照全额赔偿 问 应该如何赔偿 案例2皇家打印机公司装