Patterns for writing.doc

1. Transitions: (1)“on the other hand” is used to compare the difference in attitude between the author and the lecturer. (2)”according to the author” explains whose information is being discussed. (3)”also points out” signals that the information is a continuation of the same persons point. (4)”in other words” explains the purpose or intent of the previous comment. (5)”however” can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence to emphasize that one pice of information in some way contradicts another.To give an example举例-for example/for instance/as an example举例-to give a specific example举一个具体的例子-A is an example of B A是B的例子-that is/namely即-first第一，首先-the first reason for this is that首要原因是To show contract转折，对比-instead代替-rather than 而不是-however/but然而，但是-nevertheless然而，不过-on the other hand另一方面-otherwise否则，不然Additional examples or reasons其他例子或原因-in addition/furthermore/further不仅如此，而且-as well as也，又-just as正如一样-along with连同一起；随同一起-likewise同样地，照样地，也，又-in the same manner/in the same way同样地-in addition to除之外-second/third/fourth第二/第三/第四-a second（third/forth）example is第二个（第三个/第四个）例子是-another reason is另一个原因是-moreover而且，此外To show a conclusion下结论-all in all总而言之-in consequence/consequently/as a result/in conclusion从而因此总之-finally最后，终于-in sum/in summary/in brief总之，大体上，简而言之-the point is重点是-therefor/hence/thus因此，所以To show an opinion发表意见-in my opinion依我之见-personally就本人而论，就个人而言2. Parallel Structures The verbs in such structures must be in the same tense. The tradition here is to put the longest item at the end of the list. In a short list the “by” is not repeated.3. Linking InformationFrom; through; both; more; alike 4. Using “by” Only use passive voice when the subject of the sentence cannot do the action.5. Referencing for Flow (1)One of the qualities of a good piece of writing is how well it flows as you read it. (2)The most obvious way to connect the ideas from one sentence to the next is to use connecting words like ”however” (3)Remember these words like “therefore”, “furthermore”, etc. need punctuation on either side of them: either a period or semi-colon and a comma, or two commas. (4)We also use words like “this”, ”these”, and ”such” to refer to the sentences before, instead of repeating the point.6. Sentences Structures Compound sentences are joined by a conjunction like ”and” or “but”. Complex Sentences use a variety of structures, such as: Introductory Phrases which provide relevant information for the point to follow in the main sentence. Clauses give added information about the subject, object or action in the main sentence. Note: Clauses usually start with a question word like “who”, ”which”etc. Not only, but also is one of several more sophisticated ways to put two pieces of information together. Note: In comparison and contrast essays, it is customary to point out what the two itemsor people have in common before explaining the differences or similarities.7. Writing about Science The differences between how we use “would” and “could” is easier to explain when we look at specific examples. They are both used to explain what might have happened, or what is possible, was the cause or effect of something. This sample response also uses several useful phrases for writing about science. Note: Its the object of the verb that decides whether it is singular or plural in “there” sentences.8. Paragraph Structures Each paragraph should start with topic sentence. If you read the rest of that paragraph you will note the details given to support that statement. The topic sentence of the next paragraph not only tells the reader what is coming up “The solutions”but also links it to the previous paragraph with “These problems”. That paragraph also ends with a general statement about solutions or a concluding sentence.So start your paragraph with a topic sentence that gives the main point.Support the point with details and supporting information.Close the paragraph with a general statement as a concluding sentence.9. Pronoun Reference The basic rule that goes with pronoun is that you should always check that it is clear who or what is being referred to by the pronoun. The simplest way to ensure that is to mention the item or person in the sentence or phrases just before the pronoun is used.Note: When you edit your essay, check that the pronoun references are clear to your reader.10. Telling Two Sides of the Story“On the one hand”, “On the other hand”, ”have been questioned by tests/statistics/evidence which show”, “Despite the many studies , there is still debate.”, “Although the extent o