现代奥林匹克.doc

3. The Modern OlympicsTHE ORIGIN: The Olympic Games owes its revival almost entirely to the French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin who is honored as the father of the Modern Olympic Games. Coubertin had strong belief in the importance of sports for the development of the individual and also regarded the Games as an effective channel for the promotion of world peace. On June 23, 1894, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded in Paris. At its first conference, Coubertin defined the concept of Olympism, drafted the first IOC Charter and established the structure of the Olympic Movement. The conference decision led to the first Modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896.Ode to Sport (Extract) Pierre de CoubertinO sport, delight of the Gods, distillation of lift!To the mountain tops comes dawns first glimmer, and sunbeams dappled the forests floor. Pierre de CoubertinO sport, you are beauty!Youthe architect of this house, human body, which may become defiled by base passions or enriched with wholesome endeavor.O sport, you are progress!To serve you well, man must better himself in body and in soul. O sport, you are peace!You forge happy bonds between the people by drawing them together in reverence for strength which is controlled, organized and self-disciplined. Through you the young of the world learn to respect one another, thus the diversity of national traits becomes a source of generous and peaceful emulation.OLYMPISM: Olympism is an important concept that draws together life and sport. It plays a strong role in both amateur and professional arenas with its emphasis on values. It was first described by Coubertin in 1894 and then be concisely defined Olympism as “a philosophy of life with sport as the motor behind its ideals of education, peace, democracy and humanity.” The goal of Olympism is to place sport everywhere at the service of the harmonious development of man, with a view to encouraging the establishment of a peaceful society concerned with preservation of human dignity. And Olympism is being the best you can be to build self-confidence, self-esteem, personal effectiveness and the spirit of adventure. The first Olympic Committee Conference in 1896OLYMPIC CHARTER: The Olympic Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games, and for governing the Olympic movement. Adopted by International Olympic Committee (IOC), it is the codification of the fundamental principles, rules and by-laws. French and English are the official languages. Throughout the history of the Olympics, the Olympic Charter has often decided the outcome of Olympic controversy. As expressed in its introduction, the Olympic Charter serves 3 main purposes: to establish principles and values of Olympism to serve as IOC law to define the rights and obligations of the 4 main constituents of the Olympic movement: the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Federations and the National Olympic Committees, and the Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games.Chapter 1 The Olympic Movement Chapter 2 The International Olympic Committee (IOC)Chapter 3 The International Federations (IFs) Chapter 4 The National Olympic Committees (NOCs)Chapter 5 The Olympic Games Chapter 6 Measures and Sanctions, Disciplinary Procedures and Dispute ResolutionOLYMPIC CONSTITUENTS: The three main constituents of the Olympic Movement are the International Olympic Committee (“IOC”), the International Sports Federations (“IFs”) and the National Olympic Committees (“NOCs”).The IOC is an international non-governmental not-for-profit organization; its seat is in Lausanne (Switzerland), the Olympic capital. The object of the IOC is to fulfill the mission, role and responsibilities as assigned to it by the Olympic Charter. The powers of the IOC are exercised by its organs, namely: 1. the Session; 2. the IOC Executive Board; 3. the President.The IFs are international non-governmental organizations that administer to sports at the world level and encompass organizations administering such sports at the national level. These IFs work to ensure their sports are developed in a way that agrees with the Olympic Charter and the Olympic spirit. In addition, the IFs have the right to: 1. formulate proposals addressed to the IOC concerning the Olympic Charter and the Olympic Movement; 2. collaborate in the preparation of Olympic Congresses; 3. participate, on request from the IOC, in the activities of the IOC Commissions.The mission of the NOCs is to develop, promote and protect the Olympic Movement in their respective countries, in accordance with the Olympic Charter.GAMES OF OLYMPIC: the Olympiad Games (1896); the Olympic Winter Games (1924); Summer/Winter Paralympic Games (1960/1976); Summer/Winter Youth Olympic Games (2010/2012)BRIEF HISTORY: Olympic Games host citiesYearSummer Olympic GamesWinter Olympic GamesYouth Olympic GamesOlympiadHost cityNo.Host cityNo.Host City1896IAthens, Greece1900IIParis, France1904IIISt. Louis, United States1906IntercalatedAthens, Greece1908IVLondon, United Kingdom1912VStockholm, Sweden1916VIBerlin, Germany Cancelled because of World War I1920VIIAntwerp, Belgium1924VIIIParis, FranceIChamonix, France1928IXAmsterdam, NetherlandsIISt. Moritz, Switzerland1932XLos Angeles, United StatesIIILake Placid, United States1936XIBerlin, GermanyIVGarmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany1940XIITokyo, Japan Helsinki, Finland Cancelled because of World War IIVSapporo, Japan St. Moritz, Switzerland Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Cancelled because of World War II1944XIIILondon, United Kingdom Cancelled because of World War IIVCortina dAmpezzo, Italy Cancelled because of World War II1948XIVLondon, United KingdomVSt. Moritz, Switzerland1952XVHelsinki, FinlandVIOslo, Norway1956XVIMelbourne, Australia Stockholm, Sweden VIICortina dAmpezzo, Italy1960XVIIRome, ItalyVIIISquaw Valley, United States1964XVIIITokyo, JapanIXInnsbruck, Austria1968XIXMexico City, MexicoXGrenoble, France1972XXMunich, West GermanyXISapporo, Japan1976XXIMontreal, CanadaXIIDenver, United States Innsbruck, Austria1980XXIIMoscow, Soviet UnionXIIILake Placid, United States1984XXIIILos Angeles, United StatesXIVSarajevo, Yugoslavia1988XXIVSeoul, South KoreaXVCalgary, Canada1992XXVBarcelona, SpainXVIAlbertville, France1994XVIILillehammer, Norway1996XXVIAtlanta, United States1998XVIIINagano, Japan2000XXVIISydney, Australia2002XIXSalt Lake City, United States2004XXVIIIAthens, Greece2006XXTurin, Italy2008XXIXBeijing, China 2010XXIVancouver, CanadaI (Summer)Singapore2012XXXLondon, United KingdomI (Winter)Innsbruck, Austria2014XXIISochi, RussiaII (Summer)Nanjing, China2016XXXIRio de Janeiro, BrazilII (Winter)Lillehammer, Norway2018XXIIIPyeongchang, South KoreaIII (Summer)To be determined2020XXXIITo be determinedIII (Winter)To be determined2022XXIVTo be determinedIV (Summer)To be determined2024XXXIIITo be determinedIV (Winter)To be determinedAthens 1896Paris 1900St. Louis 1904London 1908Stockholm 1912Antwerp 1920Paris 1924Amsterdam 1928Los Angles 1932Berlin 1936London 1948Helsinki 1952Melbourne 1956Rome 1960Tokyo 1964Mexico City 1968Munich 1972Montreal 1976Moscow 1980Los Angles 1984Seoul 1988Barcelona 1992Atlanta 1996Sydney 2000Athens 2004Beijing 2008London 2012STAGES: 1st 1896-1972 Amateurism The 1896 Games were attended by over 280 participants, all male, representing 13 nations. The 1900 Games was relegated to the status of a sideshow of the World Exhibition and women participated for the first time in lawn tennis and golf. The 1904 Games saw gold, silver and bronze medals for the first time.The 1908 Games originally were scheduled for Rome, but then for London because of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906, it was the first time to have an opening ceremony. In the 1912 Games, electric timing devices and a public address system were used for the first time and the boxing competition was canceled by the organizers, who found it disagreeable.The Olympic flag was introduced at the 1920 Games. The 1924 Games was held in Paris in tribute to Pierre de Coubertin. The flame was ignited during the 1928 Games and the first Olympic village was featured in 1932 Games, Liu Changchun became the first Chinese athletes.The 1936 Games were held in a tense politically charged atmosphere, basketball became an event and there came out the first super star, Jesse Owens.The 1948 Games was the first to be seen on TV in homes. The international tension caused by the Cold War prevailed in the 1952 Games because Soviet Union participated and the first resist took place. The 1956 Games was first time held in Southern hemisphere. The broadcasting development promoted the importance of scenery as Rome became the first city to sell itself to a wider world in 1960 Games. The 1964 Games was the first time to be held in Asia. Drug testing were introduced for the first time in the 1968 Games. Tragedy struck at the 1972 Games because of the terrorism. 2nd 1876-1988 Economical and PoliticalThe 1976 Games were a financial disaster, placing a burden of debt on Canada that lasted for decades. The modern Olympic have had their share of boycott, nothing approaching the magnitude of the 1980 Games. It was the first private enterprise Games, with no government funding. Under the direction of Peter Ueberroth, the 1984 Games witnessed the arrival of commercialism. It generated worldwide interest in hosting the Games and ushered in the era of commercialization. China got the first gold in this Games. The 1988 Games is the end of amateurism.3rd 1992- Commercialized and Professionalized By the beginning of the 1992 Games, the Cold War ended. This is the first time that the professional athletes was allowed to participate the Games. Most famous was the U.S mens basketball team, called the “Dream Team”. From now on, Olympics even sports in the world began the way of commercializing and professionalizing and is effected by comprehensive element such as economy, politics and society.OLYMPIC GAMES: Election of the Host City-this is the prerogative of the IOC alone. The application to organize the Olympic Games must be made to the IOC by the official authority of the city concerned with the approval of the NOC. Such election must take place seven years before the holding of the Olympic Games. Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games-it is entrusted by the IOC to the NOC of the country of the host city as well as to the host city itself. The Olympic Village-in order to bring together all competitors, team officials and other team personnel in one place, the OCOG shall provide an Olympic Village for a period which, for the Games of the Olympiad, shall begin at least 2 weeks prior to the opening ceremony and end not earlier than 3 days after the closing ceremony and, for the Olympic Winter Games, shall begin at least 8 days prior to the opening ceremony and end not earlier than 3 days after the closing ceremony. The first Olympic champion in the Modern Games-James Connolly (USA), triple jump, April 6, 1896; Charlotte Cooper (England, Female), tennis single, 1900. Program of the Games-only sports widely practiced by men in at least 75 countries and on 4 continents, and by women in at least 40 counties and on 3 continents, may be included in the program of the Games of the Olympiad; sports are admitted to the program of the Olympic Games at least 7 years before specific Olympic Games in respect of which no change shall thereafter be permitted.Opening Ceremony-the first opening ceremony were held during the 1908 Olympic Games in London. The program is: Parade of Nation, Greece first and host last. Speeches by the President of the Organizing Committee and the President of the IOC. Head of State officially declares the Games open. Olympic Flag is raised as the Olympic Hymn is played. Olympic Torch is used to light the Olympic flame. Doves are released as a symbol of peace. Olympic Oath is taken by an athlete and an official. Cultural entertainment is provided by the Organizing Committee of the host city.Closing Ceremony-Olympic athletes are not separated into national teams as they enter the stadium, to symbolize the unity and friendship of the Games.3 flags are raised to the National Anthems-Greece, host country and next host country.The Olympic Flag is passed to the Mayor of the next host city. President of the IOC pronounces the Games closed.The Olympic Flame is extinguished.The Olympic Flag is lowered as the Olympic Hymn is played.The cultural entertainment is provided by the Organizing Committee of the host city.Medals-In 1896, the winner were awarded a silver medal, a crown of olive branches and a diploma. Those in second place were given a bronze medal, a crown of laurel and a diploma. In 1904, they were the first at which gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded for the first, second and third place. The last Olympic gold medals that were made entirely out of gold were awarded in 1912. Today, the gold medals must be made out of 92.5% silver and covered in six grams of gold. Competitors who have the 4th to 8th places shall also receive a diploma, but no medal.Programs, Disciplines &EventsAquaticsFreestyle Backstroke Butterfly BreaststrokeIndividual Medley Relay/Medley Relay Marathon 10kmSwimmingIndividual/Synchronized SpringboardIndividual/Synchronized PlatformDivingDuet/Team CompetitionSynchronizedSwimming（F）Water PoloArcheryBaseball（M）HandballSoftball（F）BasketballTable TennisHockeySingle/DoubleFootballJudoTennisSingle/DoubleMixed DoubleSwimmingCyclingRunningBadmintonTriathlonShootingFencingSwimmingRiding Cross-country runningModern Pentathlon100m 200m 400m 800m 1500m 5000m 10000mMens 110m Hurdles/Womens 100m Hurdles 400m Hurdles3000m Steeplechase 20km Race Walk 50km Race Walk Marathon4100m Relay 4400m RelayHigh Jump Pole Vault Long Jump Triple Jump Shot Put Discus Throw Javelin Throw Hammer ThrowMens Decathlon Womens HeptathlonTrack & FieldCanoe/KayakMens K-1 500m 1000m Mens K-2 500m 1000mMens K-4 1000mMens C-1 500m 1000m Mens C-2 500m 1000mWomens K-1/K-2/k-4 500mFlat waterMens K-1 Kayak SingleMens C-1 Canoe SingleMens C-2 Canoe DoubleWomens K-1 Kayak SingleSlalomTrack CyclingRoad CyclingMountain BikeBMXCyclingEventingDressageJumpingEquestrianFoil Individual Epee Individual Sabre IndividualMens Epee Team Womens Foil Team Sabre TeamFencingFreestyle(M.55-120KG; F.48-72KG)Greco-Roman(M.55-120)WrestlingVolleyballBeach VolleyballWeightliftingTaekwondoSailingRowingBoxing10m Air Pistol 10m Air RifleMens 25m Rapid Fire Pistol Womens 25m PistolMens 50m Pistol50m Rifle 3 PositionsMens 50m Rifle Prone Mens Double TrapTrapSkeetShootingGymnasticsTeam Competition Individual CompetitionFloor VaultMens Pommel Horse Mens RingsMens Parallel Bars Mens Horizontal BarWomens Uneven Bars Womens Balance BeamArtistic Womens Individual/Group CompetitionRhythmicMens/ Womens Individual EventTrampolineVocabularyamateur/ professional 业余的/职业的 self-confidence 自信 self-esteem 自尊not-for-profit 不盈利的 Lausanne (Switzerland) 洛桑（瑞士） sportsmanship 运动员精神Session 国际奥委会全会 Executive Board 执行委员会 President 主席Paralympic Games 残奥会 candidate city 候选城市 host cities 主办城市 diploma 证书bidding committee 申办委员会 Olympic anthem 奥运会圣歌 Election 投票victory ceremony 颁奖仪式 podium 领奖台 doping 兴奋剂 anti- 反兴奋剂IFs: The International Federations 国际单项体育联合会NOCs: The National Olympic Committees 国家奥委会OCOG: Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games 奥运会组委会WR：world record 世界纪录 OR：Olympic record 奥运会纪录Athens 雅典 Paris 巴黎 St. Louis 圣路易斯 London 伦敦 Stockholm 斯德哥尔摩Antwerp 安特卫普 Amsterdam 阿姆斯特丹 Los Angles 洛杉矶 Berlin 柏林Helsinki 赫尔辛基 Melbourne 墨尔本 Rome 罗马 Tokyo 东京 Mexico City 墨西哥城Munich 慕尼黑 Montreal 蒙特利尔 Moscow 莫斯科 Seoul 汉城 Barcelona 巴塞罗那Atlanta 亚特兰大 Sydney 悉尼 Beijing 北京Aquatics 水上运动Swimming 游泳Freestyle 自由泳 Backstroke 仰泳 Butterfly 蝶泳 Breaststroke 蛙泳Individual Medley 个人混合泳 Relay/Medley Relay 接力/混合泳接力Diving 跳水Individual/Synchronized 个人/双人 Platform 十米跳台 Springboard 三米板Synchronized Swimming 花样游泳Duet/Team 双人/团体Water Polo 水球Archery 射箭 Baseball 棒球 Handball 手球 Softball 垒球Table Tennis 乒乓球 Hockey 曲棍球 Judo 柔道Tennis 网球 Single/Double 单/双打Badminton 羽毛球 （Mixed Double 混双） Triathlon 铁人三项 modern pentathlon 现代五项Track & Field 田径Hurdles 跨栏 Ste