【步步高】高考英语 话题四 第一节 话题阅读 科普知识拓展训练 外研版(1).DOC

第一节话题阅读科普知识5年真题拓展训练(1)【原题体验】(2013新课标全国阅读理解b)the baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.she is quiet but alert(警觉)twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.she stares at it carefully.a researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.as the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer？the same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.perhaps it is just the newness？when slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three？no again.babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.the effect even crosses between senses.babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.60the experiment described in paragraph 1 is related to the babys_.asense of hearing bsense of sightcsense of touch dsense of smell答案b解析推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的描述婴儿反应的动词stare at，look at以及gaze(凝视)再加上对本段内容的理解可知，是对孩子视觉的测验。61babies are sensitive to the change in_.athe size of cardsbthe colour of picturescthe shape of patternsdthe number of objects答案d解析细节理解题。由第一段可知，刚刚出生的孩子对于两个和三个斑点的卡片反应不同，说明婴儿对物体的数量敏感。62why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?ato reduce the difficulty of the experiment.bto see how babies recognize sounds.cto carry their experiment further.dto keep the babies interest.答案c解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一段倒数第二句“the effect even crosses between senses.”可知，研究人员在移动不同数量的斑点的同时，加入鼓声，以进一步验证孩子的反应，故答案为c项。63where does this text probably come from?ascience fiction.bchildrens literature.can advertisement.da science report.答案d解析文章出处题。通读全文可知本文是一篇科学报道。science fiction科幻小说；childrens literature儿童文学；an advertisement广告。【原题拓展训练】.完成这篇文章的文脉构架图.信息句与长难句分析1(61题信息句)as the cards change from one to the other，her gaze starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.分析：until连接时间状语从句；主句中含有as引导的状语从句；a third是until从句的主语，后省略了名词card；介词短语with three black spots作非限定定语，修饰a third。翻译：随着这两张卡片反复地变换，她的注意力开始转移直到给她看到了第三张，一张带有三个黑点的卡片。2the same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.分析：the same experiment是主语，but表示语义转折；with three spots是介宾短语，shown before two为过去分词短语作宾补，介词with复合结构作状语；shows是谓语，the same return of interest 是shows的宾语，when the number of spots changes为时间状语从句。翻译：同样的实验，这次先展示三个点的卡片再展示两个点的，当点数改变时，像上次的实验结果一样，婴儿的注意力又再次回归。3when slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.分析：when引导时间状语从句，changing the number of objects为动名词短语作主语；separate from changing the objects themselves为形容词短语作定语，修饰an effect，可以替换为一个定语从句理解：changing the number of objects had an effect which is separate from changing the objects themselves。翻译：当给稍大的婴儿出示如梳子、钥匙、橙子等物品图片时，研究发现改变卡片上物品的数量引起婴儿的反应有别于卡片上物品本身替换引起的反应。4(62题信息句)babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.分析：who引导定语从句，此从句修饰先行词babies；than引导比较状语从句，连接两个时间状语从句when they then heard three drumbeats和when they heard just two。翻译：不断地被出示两个点卡片的婴儿，听到三声鼓声的时候会比听到两声的时候更激动；同样地当研究人员先放鼓声，再改变点的数量的情况下，结果同样如此。【真题精选对应训练】(2013江苏阅读理解c)if a diver surfaces too quickly，he may suffer the bends.nitrogen(氮)dissolved(溶解)in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.the consequence，if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint，is sharp pain and a bent bodythus the name.if the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain，the consequence can be death.other airbreathing animals also suffer this decompression(减压)sickness if they surface too fast：whales，for example.and so，long ago，did ichthyosaurs.that these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones.if bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.this kills the cells in the bone，and consequently weakens it，sometimes to the point of collapse.fossil(化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.bruce rothschild of the university of kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.what he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.to this end，he and his colleagues traveled the worlds naturalhistory museums，looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the triassic period and from the later jurassic and cretaceous periods.when he started，he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils，reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.more than 15% of jurassic and cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died，but not a single triassic specimen(标本)showed evidence of that sort of injury.if ichthyosaurs did evolve an antidecompression means，they clearly did so quicklyand，most strangely，they lost it afterwards.but that is not what dr rothschild thinks happened.he suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator(捕食动物)such as a large shark.one of the features of jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles，both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches.triassic oceans，by contrast，were mercifully shark and crocodilefree.in the triassic，then，ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.in the jurassic and cretaceous，they were prey(猎物)as well as predatorand often had to make a speedy exit as a result.61which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?aa twisted body.ba gradual decrease in blood supply.ca sudden release of nitrogen in blood.da drop in blood pressure.答案a解析细节理解题。由第一段中a bent body 可知。62the purpose of rothschilds study is to see_.ahow often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsbhow ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressioncwhy ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesdwhen ichthyosaurs broke their bones答案b解析细节理解题。由第三段第二句“what he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.”可知。63rothschilds finding stated in paragraph 4_.aconfirmed his assumptionbspeeded up his research processcdisagreed with his assumptiondchanged his research objectives答案c解析推理判断题。由第四段第二句“instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.”可知。64rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs_.afailed to evolve an antidecompression meansbgradually developed measures against the bendscdied out because of large sharks and crocodilesdevolved an antidecompression means but soon lost it答案a解析细节理解题。由第五段内容可知，dr rothschild并不认可鱼龙的抗减压进化途径，故a项正确。5年真题拓展训练(2)【原题体验】(2012新课标全国阅读理解c)about twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a filmstudio(影棚) to take part in a crowdscene.although our “act” would last only for a short time，we could see quite a number of interesting things.we all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big moviecamera was wheeled into position.the director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby.since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path.a big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.the picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.the next scene was a complete contrast(对比)the way it was filmed was quite unusual.pictures taken on an island in the pacific were shown on a glass screen.an actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the waters edge on an island.by a simple trick like this，palm trees，sandy beaches，and blue，clear skies had been brought into the studio!since it was our turn next，we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us.for a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film “stars”！64who is the author?aa cameraman.ba film director.ca crowdscene actor.da workman for scene setting.答案c解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的to take part in a crowdscene可知答案，即作者是一个群众演员。65what made the author feel cold?athe heavy snowfall.bthe manmade scene.cthe low temperature.dthe film being shown.答案b解析细节理解题。根据第二段的最后三句可知答案。一个大的风扇把微小的白色的羽毛吹在他的身上，树很快就盖满了“雪”；还有两个风扇被打开，“强风”吹过树木。这些很显然都是人造场景。66what would happen in the “three minutes” mentioned in the last paragraph?aa new scene would be filmed.bmore stars would act in the film.cthe author would leave the studio.dthe next scene would be prepared.答案a解析推理判断题。文章的最后一段说，接下来轮到作者演出了，作者不知道将为他们准备什么场景。在“我们”一生中足足有三分钟的时间里，“我们”将会体验作为电影“明星”的兴奋。暗示出在接下来的三分钟里，将要拍摄新的场景了，所以a项正确。【原题拓展训练】.完成这篇文章的文脉构架图.信息句与长难句分析1(64题信息句)about twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a filmstudio to take part in a crowdscene.分析：本句含有enough.to do的结构，表示“足够的，以至于”的含义；动词不定式to receive invitations to a filmstudio表结果，而另外的一个动词不定式to take part in a crowdscene表目的。翻译：我们大约二十个人很幸运地受到了邀请到一个电影摄影棚去参加一个群众演员场景的拍摄。2(65题信息句)a big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.分析：两个and都连接并列句，表示时间上的承接关系；这两句话形象地描绘了拍电影时“人造场景”的过程。翻译：一台大风扇从他上面吹出细小的白色羽毛，不久，这些树就被“雪”所覆盖；另外的两个风扇也被打开，一阵强烈的风吹过这些树。3(66题信息句)for a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film “stars”！分析：谓语would be experiencing采用了过去将来进行时态的用法，表示“按照计划在将来的某个时间点或时间段正在发生的动作”。翻译：在接下来的三分钟的时间里，我们将会体验到成为电影明星的兴奋。4we all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.分析：as workmen prepared the scene是一个时间状语从句，as相当于when；setting up trees at the edge of a winding path是现在分词短语作伴随状语，补充说明workmen的行为。翻译：当工作人员在准备场景，在弯曲的小路边栽树时，我们都站在远处。5an actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the waters edge on an island.分析：as if引导的从句常常采用虚拟语气。当从句与现在事实相反时，从句一般用过去时，be的过去式通常用were；当从句与过去事实相反时，从句一般用过去完成时。翻译：一个男演员和女演员站在场景的前面，这样他们看起来就像站在一个小岛的海岸上。【真题精选对应训练】(2013浙江阅读理解b)below is a selection from a popular science book.if blood is red，why are veins(静脉) blue？actually，veins are not blue at all.they are more of a clear，yellowish colour.although blood looks red when its outside the body，when its sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin，its more of a dark reddish purple colour.at the right depth，these bloodfilled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin，making them look blue by comparison.which works harder，your heart or your brain？that kind of depends on whether youre busy thinking or busy exercising.your heart works up to three times harder during exercise，and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker.but，in the long run，your brain probably tips it，because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart，and it takes four to five times as much blood to feed it.why do teeth fall out，and why dont they grow back in grownups？baby (or “milk”) teeth do not last long；they fall out to make room for bigger，stronger adult teeth later on.adult teeth fall out when they become damaged，decayed and infected by bacteria.once this second set of teeth has grown in，youre done.when theyre gone，theyre gone.this is because nature figures youre set for life，and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.do old people shrink as they age？yes and no.many people do get shorter as they age.but，when they do，it isnt because theyre shrinking all over.they simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力).many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older.men lose an average of 34 cm in height as they age，while women may lose 5 cm or more.if you live to be 200 years old，would you keep shrinking till you were，like 60 cm tall，like a little boy again？no，because old people dont really shrink！it is not that they are growing backwardstheir legs，arms and backbones getting shorter.when they do get shorter，its because the spine has shortened a little.or，more often，become more bent and curved.why does spinning make you dizzy(眩晕的)?because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling.the brain senses that youre spinning using special gravityandmotionsensing organs in your inner ear，which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable.but，when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control，and your brain thinks youre moving while youre not!where do feelings and emotions come from?mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system.all mammals have this brain areafrom mice to dogs，cats，and humans.so all mammals feel basic emotions like fear，pain and pleasure.but since human feelings also involve other，newer bits of the brain，we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.if exercise wears you out，how can it be good for you?because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them.and as far as your body is concerned，its “use it，or lose it”！its not that exercise makes you healthy；its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.46what is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?ablue. blight yellow.cred. ddark reddish purple.答案d解析细节理解题。根据第一个标题下的“.its more of a dark reddish purple colour.”可知答案。47why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?abecause their spine is in active use.bbecause they are more easily affected by gravity.cbecause they keep growing backwards.dbecause their spine becomes more bent.答案d解析细节理解题。根据第四个标题下的“they simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力)”可知，老年人变矮是因为脊柱收缩和弯曲造成的。b项“老年人更容易受重力影响”在文中没有提及；a、c两项也没有类似的描述。48which of the following statements about our brain is true?ain the long run，our brain probably works harder than our heart.bwhen our brain senses the spinning，we will feel dizzy.cthe brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.dour feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.答案a解析细节理解题。根据第二个标题下的第三句“but，in the long run，your brain.”可知答案为a项。此题最易误选b项，根据第五个标题下的最后一句可知，眩晕是由于 “你已经不动了，而你的大脑认为你还在动”的错觉引起的。49what is the main purpose of the selection?ato give advice on how to stay healthy.bto provide information about our body.cto challenge new findings in medical research.dto report the latest discoveries in medical science.答案b解析写作意图题。考生易误选d项，但是in medical science在医学领域，概括失误。文章主要涉及我们身体的问题，包括身体的、情绪的等等。故选择b项较全面。5年真题拓展训练(3)【原题体验】(2010课标全国阅读理解c)along the river banks of the amazon and the orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly，flies like a fat chicken，eats green leaves，has the stomach of a cow and has claws(爪) on its wings when young.they build their homes about 4.6m above the river，an important feature(特征) for the safety of the young.it is called the hoatzin.in appearance，the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside.the head is small，with a large set of feathers on the top，bright red eyes，and blue skin.its nearest relatives are the common birds，cuckoos.its most striking feature，though，is only found in the young.baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip.using these four claws，together with the beak(喙)，they can climb about in the bushes，looking very much like primitive birds must have done.when the young hoatzins have learned to fly，they lose their claws.during the drier months between december and march hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds，but in april，when the rainy season begins，they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.when danger comes in the form of a snake or a monkey，the young hoatzinsmaybe three in one familyjump over the side and into the river.they swim about under the water until it is safe to return and then，using their claws，lift themselves up through the branches and get back home.when they have learned to fly，they lose their claws and escape enemies not by swimming but by flying off，in a slow and heavy way，to a neighboring tree.62what is the text mainly about?ahoatzins in dry and rainy se