Infant Physical.ppt

MotorSkillsandPhysicalDevelopmentINFANCY 9 03 10 What sNormal 7 5lbs6 9lbs20inches19 21inches40weeks37 42 TheFirstActions Reflexes Reflexes involuntarymovementsinresponsetotouch light sound orotherformsofstimulationPrimitivereflexes survivalRootingSuckingPosturalreflexes designedtomaintainaspecificorientationtotheenvironmentParachuteLocomotorreflexesstepping EarlymotorbehaviorssoonproducecoordinatedactionsRhythmicalstereotypes repeatedsequenceofmotionsperformedwithnoapparentgoal Ex RubbingfootwithanotherandbouncingupanddownProgressincoordinationPosturalcontrolLocomotionManualcontrol MotorMilestones MotorMilestonescontinued PosturalControl keepingheaduprightandstable about2 3months Locomotion abilitytomoveabouttheenvironmentRollover by3mos Sit 6mos Crawl stand 7 8mos Walk 11 13mos ManualControl usingthehandtoreachandgraspthingsintheenvironment4 5mos Whole hand Palmer grasp10mos Pincergrasp MotorSkillsinthePreschoolYears Motorskillsdevelopedinfirst2yearsoflifecontinuetobemodifiedandrefinedinthepreschoolandelementaryschoolyears Bodyandeye handoreye footcoordinationBalanceSpeedAgilityPower DeterminantsinMotorDevelopment Nature Developmentofmotorskillstendstobedisplayedatpredictabletimesandinsimilarwaysinnormalchildren Lackofopportunitytoengageinphysicalactivityseriouslyinterfereswithreachingdevelopmentalmilestones Cross culturaldifferencesThemorecaregiverspromotedspecificmotorskills theearliertheirchildrentendedtodisplaythem DeterminantsinMotorDevelopment Nurture Howdoyoudifferentiate bodygrowth and development BodyGrowthandDevelopment Growthhastodowiththeincreaseinthesizeandcomplexityofthebody sorgans quantitative Developmentisaqualitativemeasurementconcernedwiththeincreaseincapabilityandfunctionofthebody thisalsoincludepsychologicalandemotionalaspects Lengthandheight Childrengrowthemostduringtheirfirstsixmonths Theydoubletheirbirthweightbythefifthmonthoflife Girlsareexpectedtoreachabouthalfoftheiradultheightbeforetheageoftwo whileboysreachitaftertwoyearsold PatternsinBodygrowth Differentorgansofthebodygrowatdifferentratesandtimeintervals CephalocaudalProximodistal Directionalityofgrowth Poximodistaldevelopmentistheprocessbywhichdevelopmentproceedsfromthecenterofthebodyoutwardtowardtheextremities Babyhascontrolofarmsandlegsbeforetoesandfingers InAdolescence reverses Teenager ssignofpubertalchangescanbeseeninthegrowthoftheirhandsandfeet andtheneedforlargershoes Cephalocaudaldevelopment developmentproceedsfromtheheaddownwardthroughthebodyandtowardthefeet IndividualandgroupdifferencesChildren sgrowthvariesbetweenpeersofthesameageduetogender familygenetics andethnicbackground E g African AmericanbabiesweighlessatbirththanEuropeanAmericanbabies Determinationofbodygrowthanddevelopment Geneticfactors Neuralcontrol Hypothalamus whichislocatednearthebaseofthebrain regulatesgrowth Catch upgrowthLagging downgrowth Bothformsofgrowthcompensationareexamplesofthegeneralbiologicalphenomenonofcanalizationofgrowthandmaturity Childrenwhosufferfrommarasmus severeprotein energydeficit duetoinsufficientcalorieintakewillhaverapidweightloss wrinklyskinandashrunkenabdomen Social EmotionalFactorFailuretothrivemeansthatthechild sweightandheightisbelowthethirdpercentileofhispeers whichcanbecausedbygeneticormedicalissues Nutritionandhealth DevelopmentoftheSenses Humangrowthanddevelopmenthasmanyfactors Bothphysiologicalandmotordevelopmentareimportantaspectsinthematuringchild Vision Acuity VisualAcuity abilitytomakefinediscriminationsamongelementsinavisualarraybydetectingcontours transitionsinlightpatternsthatsignalbordersandedges ColorPerception CanBabiesseecolors Yes Atleastafterafewmonthsofage NewbornshavealimittotherangeofcolorstheycanseebutdetectionofseveralhuesofcolorsispossibleShortlyafterbirthinfantscandetecthuesofRED Huedetectionbecomesadult likeby3monthsold PatternandForm Althoughbabiescanseeandcandetectcertaincolorsitisn tuntilabout3monthsthatbabiesseeobjectsasawholeunitExternalityEffect thetendencyforinfantsyoungerthan2monthstofocusontheexternalfeaturesofacomplexstimulusandexploretheinternalfeatureslesssystematically PerceptionofObjects Kineticcuesprovidevisualinformationtobabieswhichhelpthemdifferentiatebetweenobjects babyrattlev table Kineticcue perceptualinformationprovidedbymovementofobjectsintheenvironmentorofeyes head orbody Importantsourceofinformationfordepthperception DepthPerception Babiesseedepthin2 dimensionVisualCliff experimentalapparatususedtotestdepthperceptioninwhichthesurfaceononesideofaglass coveredtableismadetoappearfarbelowthesurfaceontheotherside Audition TheabilitytohearorlistenAuditorystimulusandrecognitionbeginsintheprenatalstages mothersthatreadCatintheHatduringpregnancy Hearing Hownewbornshearimmediatelyafterbirthisstilluncertainhoweverbabiesareabletodetectanddiscriminatenumerousfeaturesofsound likefrequencyandintensityAt6months mostinfantscanhearonanadultlevel Smell Taste Touch andSensitivitytoPain Dotheyknowtheystink Facialexpressions changeofrateofrespiration bloodflowinthebrainandheadturningshowthatinfantsdetectodorInfantscanidentifytheircaregiverbytheirodorbyday5afterbirth Taste TastebudsdevelopwellbeforebirthFacialexpressionsandrateofsuckingindicatetastediscriminationTastecanbemodifiedbyexperience CaninfantstasteGerberbabyfood TouchandTemperature Skinhasover100differentreceptorsonitfortouch temperature pressureandpainLikeodor touchisawayforinfantsandcaregiverstorecognizeoneanother1hourafterbirthacaregivercanidentifytheirchildjustbyrubbingthebackoftheirhandInfantsaresusceptibletotemperaturechangesduetoinabilitytoregulatetheircorebodytemp skinwillreddenandtheywillbecomerestlessandsleepmore SensitivitytoPain Theabilitytodetectpainisd