日本农产品价格政策演变(英文版).doc

Japans agricultural prices the development of the policyAbstract:Japans agricultural prices policy changes was taken place after Japan entered monopoly stage, imported farming grain be more and more .It had tight relationship with international market and the price of international . Its purpose is to keep the direct price stability, therefore, on one hand in order to support agricultural income and realize the stable to change to get the goal; On the other hand, through the price support agricultural production and reproduction, to maintain agricultural productivity .In order to make sure the stability of the national food supply on quality and quantity .And by adjusting the demand to set the mutual relationship between the price of agricultural products and overall price system, to realize the long-term direction and agricultural production induction .That is the main purpose of it.Key words: farming products rice grain management the distribution channels freedom The policy about the price of rice is the representative of the agricultural products that the price was changed of policy .That is also formulated according to the grain management system of rice prices. Rice is the backbone of the Japanese agricultural crop. At the same time, it is also the staple of the nation, therefore, the price of the policy as the object out, and it was protected .So it seems grain management system as price policy is very important, not only from the war but postwar in agricultural policy, to have been occupies an important position. 1, The multiple of grain management system Grain management system is a special Japanese system. At first ,it seems a very strict control system, but, in fact, it is a unimpeded system. According to actual condition, grain management system was formed by the following three parts: First, its prototype, namely control section directly .It was managed directly by government .The Grain Management Law was established in 1942 (Zhao He 17 years) The Grain Management method to realize the comprehensive management of government for the purpose, from the price controlling, circulation controlling, trade controlling three profiles. The characteristics of the system of grain management still stay in the foundation. Second, through to alter the part of the system.It be a more flexible provisions part. To be specific is free circulation system, circulation rice rules of the ease, consumer prices liberalization and so on. The result is that in the current grain managment system of internal, market economy theory internal controlling. Third, although the system belonging to illegal, in society had been acknowledged . Freedom rice on the point of view of the rice equal to including peasant stage without the outflow of the inspection rice, and through the inspection on reselling after formal government management rice. Every year the total amount of free rice to 2.5 million 3 million tons, is almost one third of the total circulation rice. This is completely in a market economy under the action of the principle of rice. All the above did not exsit seperately but they influence each other on price and the circulation interaction. But, the price of policy is the institutional defects in excess of agricultural products, Japans surplus rice phenomenon was in Zhao He 40 years (1965). In Zhao He 40 years, rice production sharply increased, the breakthrough 14 million tons .On the other hand, the consumption reach the top 13.41 million tons after Zhao He 38. With the increasing of the national income, rice became pulp. As a result , after Zhao He 40 the government left over from inventory rice increase sharply .In the end of 1970, the stock of rice get to 7.2 million tons .Japan appeared rice excess too much.Generally speaking, to this kind of excess government can take countermeasures to fight the phenomenon had only three ways 1) Reduce the price of rice producers level; 2) Cut the number of government procurement; 3) Control production quantity. The countermeasures according to the market is a direct economic principle .The countermeasures according to the market economy is the indirect principle. The countermeasure of number theory. The Japanese government to solve this problem about rice, introduceding three kinds of methods, but in fact they only use the third countermeasure. Because the first countermeasure can control countermeasures of producer price being down, but not actively reduce prices fall .Also, the second countermeasure of purchase, although the restrictions from Zhao He 46 began to introduce the appointment of limit rice (excuss rice). Therefore, to deal with excess strategy is mainly by the third countermeasure. 2, The circulation of change and policy rice revision Originally, in principle the grain management system of rice in the circulation channel is certain. It is said that circulation channels to specific from producers to the consumers only had a middle way. Any other choices were not allowed. So no circulation quotient of subjective judgment function of leeway, also there is no competition. The system is rationing goods distribution systems, completely erase the commercial of rice. After Zhao He 40, the system quickly changed. Through the so-called circulation liberalization, all kinds of circulation rules were relieved, circulation business of leeway had expanded. At the same time, the competition between different circulation business also became heated , diversified development. In the part of the circulation field in introducing the freedom will give other related part about the circulation field also bring freedom. So, the rice circulation quickly realizes from the original materials for sale system to new commodity circulation system transformation. Its basic structure is to meet consumers habits of famous brand rice did not throughout the government. The price of circulation and number of freedom by the parties decided to negotiate. And in 1972, the implementation of the consumers price and the liberalization of the new members into the rice retail were allowed. According to the former, from the wholesalers to retailers price (consumers price) in principle was free.And according to the latter, life cooperatives supermarkets, department stores and so on had joined the rice in retail sales, rice to the competition was become heated up. Then, in 1981 grain managment method revision had fuelled the circulation liberalization policies. Revision was usually in the system, but actual situation had apparently transcended the limits, it was almost to circulation related content, this is also the revision of the characteristics of the revision. Specifically, it through the revision was realized the rules of circulation ease: 1) Admitted between buying and selling of the county wholesalers and wholesalers the legitimacy of the direct sales; 2) Establish sales have system; 3) From the registration system vendors to license system; 4) Abolition r