英语倒装句.docx

英语倒装句(Inversion) 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序： 一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）； 二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。 而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion） 完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称全部倒装,是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。 前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。语义解析一、 表示强调: 倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下: 1.only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。 Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 2. hardly,in no way,little,scarcely,seldom,never,no more, no longer,not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night . 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 3. so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 例子: So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。二、 承上启下 1.为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用so+be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语或neither/nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装句式。 其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同，第二个句式表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。 例子: A:His brother is（not） a college student; B:so is mine.(nor is mine .) A:他弟弟（不）是大学生，B:我弟弟也是。(我弟弟也不是。) A:He used to have his further study abroad; B:so did I.(neither did I.) A:他曾去国外深造过。B:我也去过。(我也没有。) A:One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B:so can his wife.(neither can his wife .) A:我的一个朋友会说三门外国语。B:他的妻子也会。(他的妻子也不会。) 2.倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。 例子: They broke into her uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。 We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛 在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。 如朗费罗(Longfellow)雪花中的一节: Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent, and soft, and slow, Descends the snow. 在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。四、 平衡结构 英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。 1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。 例子: A.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. 一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。 A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities. B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities. 地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。 从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。 2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。 例子: Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。 3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。 例子: Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。五、 使描写生动 有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。 例子: Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。 Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。 Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了! Bang came another shot! 砰!又是一声枪响! 以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。 “Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, . Away they run, pellmell, helterskelter, yellingscreaming, . “Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, . Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens ) 作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。 倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。结构解析一、含有否定意义的副词或副词短语引起的倒装某些表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首，表示强调，句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类副词或副词短语有：never，seldom ， rarely，no soonerthan，hardlyscarcely barelywhen，no，little，nowhere，not， hardly，no longer， not until，not onlybut also等等。1、never，rarely，seldom位于句首，用于进行比较，句子要求用倒装结构。例如： Never before that night had I felt the extent of my own power2、no sooner than，hardly scarcely barely when位于句首，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，句子要求用倒装结构。例如：Hardly had he opened his eyes when she told him that it was time for them to cleanScarcely had it grown dark when she realized it was too late to go home3、在由neither，nor开头、引导的表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）的句子中，要求用倒装结构，neither，nor为否定的附和。例如：The customer complained that the dining table had not been delivered yet，and neither had the chairsI could not persuade him to accept it，nor could I make him see the importance of it 但是，neither用作主语或主语的一部分时，不用倒装结构。例如：Neither of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasingNeither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university was accepted4、含有not until的强调句，如果not until位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构，如果是主从复合句，倒装结构出现在主句中。例如：1）Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground2）Not until then did he come to realize the seriousness of the situation5、其他表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构。例如：1）Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources2）Nowhere has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in this country6、含有no、表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类介词短语有：at no point（决不），at no time，by no means，in no case，in no circumstances，in no sense，in no shape，in no way，in no wise， on no account，on no consideration，under no circumstances，in no time（立刻），in vain（徒劳），not once，still less等等。例如：1）We have been told that under no circumstances may we use the telephone in the office for personal affairs2）At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interest first二、其他副词引起的倒装在以下列副词及连接词开头的句子中，要求用倒装结构。常见的副词有：only，so， here，there，now，often，then，down，out， in，up，hence，thus，well，off，away，twice， gladly，many a time等等。1、在由only开头的句子中，only后面紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard 2）Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests 如果only在句首，但是only后面没有紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，则不用倒装结构。2、在由so开头、引导的表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）的句子中，要求用倒装结构，so为肯定的附和。例如：John had been working hard and so had his brother3、由there引起的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）The door opened and there entered a young man in a blue uniform4、由there或now引起的句子、谓语为 come（go）的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）There comes the bus2）Now comes your turn5、由here引起的句子、谓语为be的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）Here are some good newly-published novels2）Here is Chinas largest tropical forest但是，如果主语是人称代词时，由here和 there引出的句子也不用倒装结构。例如：1）Here we are2）Here you are6、由then引起的句子、谓语为come（follow）的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）Then come wind，hail and frost2）Then came a new difficulty7、由often引起的句子，要求用倒装结构。例如：Often did we warn them not to do so三、虚拟条件状语从句中的倒装1、在含有were，had，should的虚拟条件状语中，如果省略了连接词if，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）Were she to leave right now，she would get there on Sunday2）Were they to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow，we should have a wonderful dinner party3）Had he worked harder，he would have got through the exams2、在表示祝愿的句子中，往往要求用倒装句。常常将助动词提前或直接将谓语动词置于主语前面，表示祝愿。例如：1）May this book in a small way help to improve your English2）Long live friendship！四、让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句中的倒装在比较状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常常可以在主语前添加助动词do（be）代替前面出现过的动词。这时，比较对象放在这个do（be）后面，形成一种部分倒装的形式；1）He always spends more time on that useless matter than do the others2）The living standard of the people is higher than was the case ten years agoThe more you explain, the more confused I am.在由no matter how，however和how引导的方式状语从句中，其后的形容词、副词应随其移至主谓语之前，而形成部分倒装。例如：1）However hard he tried，he still failed in the entrance exam2）No matter how badly they had slept she was always up early五、在由soadvadj that和such that引出的结果状语从句中，要求用倒装句。例如：1）So far does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed2）So suddenly was the attack that we had no time to escape3）So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him六、为了强调或突出句子的某一部分，往往可以用倒装结构。例如：1）A very capable young man he is4）Standing beside the table was an interpreter七、在感叹的句子中，往往要求用倒装句。当一个句子包含一个带补语的复合谓语，而补语又被what或how修饰时，要求用倒装结构。例如：1）What a great project it is！2）How beautiful these hills look with the clouds behind them ！虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：1.(should)+动词原形的情形(已考)2.if或but for等引导的条件句(已考)3.wish, if only, it is time的用法(should)+动词原形的情形1在动词suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, resolve, argue, maintain, determine, recommend, advise, advocate, persuade等表示“命令”、“建议”、“要求”动词后的宾语从句中。She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她坚持要预定座位。He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for. 他劝我们派人请医生。注：如果上述动词作其他意思解释，或者说话者认为所讲的事是事实，要用陈述语气。When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on good terms with the director.真题重现【CET-4:2006.6】The professor required that _(我们交研究报告)。参考答案：we hand in our research report(s)2在advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, request, plan,等名词后的主语从句或表语从句中-上面(情形1)动词对应的名词He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部队马上撤退。3在形容词important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, vital, advisable, preferable, incredible以及短语no wonder, a pity等可以构成“It is +形容词（名词）+that”句型中。It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必须立即采取行动。真题重现【CET-6:2007.6】It is absolutely unfair that these children _(被剥夺了受教育的权利).参考答案：These children (should) be deprived of the right to receive education.if或but for等引导的条件句if引导虚拟条件句的用法条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were)would+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词(had done)would have done与将来事实相反一般过去时/were+不定式/should+动词原形would(should)+动词原形He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors.他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了。（与现在事实相反）I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.我很抱歉，现在很忙。如果有时间，我肯定陪你去看电影了。（与现在事实相反）The conference wouldnt have been so successful if we hadnt made adequate preparations.如