英语精读翻译.doc

Unit 1 Ptfolio career (组合型职业)1. Jobs and careers will look significantly different for new entrants to the job market than for entrants of the baby-boom years who now occupy organizational arteries. (Para. 1)现在找工作的人会发现，他们的工作和职业与婴儿潮时期出生的、现正身居各机构要位的人相比有很大不同。2. The assumptions an individual make concerning careers can trap them into ways of thinking and action that are not in their best interest.(Para.2)(持有传统观点的)个人对于职业的设想可能产生对他们不利的思维或行动方式3. In a portfolio career, individuals possess a portfolio of skills which they market to a portfolio of clients.(Para.4)在组合型职业中，个人拥有使他们针对顾客组合的技能组合。4. Paradoxically, job security is attained through detachment and diversification, rather than loyalty and commitment.(Para.5)自相矛盾的是，这种工作的稳定性不是通过衷心和尽职尽责，而是通过分离和多元化而得到的。5. In a portfolio career, an individuals value to an organization is based on their skill set and results produced. (Para.6)在组合职业中，个人对机构的价值是以他们的技能组合基础而产生的。6. The collection of skills is portable and the individual assesses when and where to apply the various skills. (Para.6)技能的集合是便携的，个人决定何时何地运用他们的不同技能。7. The risk of skills obsolescence is managed by acquiring proficiency in a variety of skills and continually developing new skills. (Para.6)为避免技能过时，个人需要熟练掌握多种技能，还要不停地发展新技能。8. The process of development, maturity and decay is essential for the renewal of the individuals skill set and the management of risk. (Para.7)发展、成熟和衰退的过程对于个人的技能组合更新和风险管理是至关重要的。9. For example, there is a difference between knowing the management control procedures of your organization and understanding what you must learn in order to change those procedures in the future. (Para.9)比如，知晓你的机构的管理步骤和理解你必须学习哪些东西以在将来改变这些步骤是不同的。10. To minimize client risk, an individual must develop a group of clients appropriate to the skill repertoire they both currently possess and have plans to develop. (Para.10)为了减少顾客风险，个人必须发展和自己全部技能（包括现有的和将来发展的技能）相对应的一批顾客。11. Niche clients result from the matching of developed skills with a significant client need. With niche clients, individuals can market their skills at a premium price. Niche clients also allow you to develop your reputation and network for future work. (Para.11)某种技能正好和特殊的顾客需求相吻合，这样就产生了特殊顾客。对于这种特殊顾客，你可以要求溢价工资。特殊顾客也允许你为了将来的工作发展声誉和人脉。12. While organizations have been quick to accept the benefits and inevitability of contracting out, temporary jobs, and part-time employees, the long-run implications of these steps should be examined. (Para.12) 虽然不少机构很快接受了这种对外承包、临时工和兼职人员的好处和不可避免性，但是这些步骤的长期的潜在意义还有待于进一步研究。Unit 4 Biology1. Few lives have attracted as much interest or stimulated as much debate as the life of Charles Darwin (1809 1882), one of the greatest figures of nineteenth-century science. Darwins name has become synonymous with the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.( Para 1)查尔斯 达尔文(18091882)是十九世纪最伟大的科学人物之一。很少有人的一生像他那样引起如此多的关注,引发如此多的争议。达尔文这个名字已经成为自然选择进化理论的同义词。2. Darwins job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. (Para. 2)达尔文作为自然主义者登上比格号的旅行，使得他有机会沿途观察不同大陆、不同岛屿的各种地理构成以及多种多样的化石和生命有机体。 3. At the time, most geologists adhered to the so-called catastrophist theory that Earth had experienced a succession of creations of animal and plant life, and that each creation had been destroyed by a sudden catastrophe, such as an upheaval or convulsion (激变) of Earths surface. (Para. 3)当时，大多数地理学家都倾向于所谓的灾变理论，即地球经历了一系列动物和植物生命的创造,每一种创造都被突发的灾难(比如地球表面的突然隆起)破坏。 4. Lyell maintained that Earths surface is undergoing constant change, the result of natural forces operating uniformly over long periods. (Para.3)莱尔坚持认为，地球表面在不断地变化，这种变化是长久以来各种自然力量均衡（或共同）作用的结果。5. Beyond that, however, he realized that some of his own observations of fossils and living plants and animals cast doubt on the Lyell-supported view that species were specially created.(Para.4)Cast doubt on使人对 . 产生怀疑 然而，除此之外，达尔文意识到，根据自己对各种化石和活生物的观察，使他对里尔所支持的物种创造说产生怀疑。 6. Darwins theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper presented at the same time as one by Alfred Russel Wallace, a young naturalist who had come independently to the theory of natural selection.(Para.6)1858年，达尔文首次发表论文公布他的理论。与此同时，年轻的自然主义者阿尔弗雷德 罗素华莱士也独立想到了自然选择的理论。 7. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection is essentially that the young born to any species intensely compete for survival. Those young that survive to produce the next generation tend to embody favorable natural variations (however slight the advantage may be) the process of natural selection and these variations are passed on by heredity.(Para.7)达尔文的自然选择进化论认为，本质上，任何物种的新生代都竞相存活。那些存活下来繁殖下一代的，都经历了有益的自然变异（不管这种自然变异的益处有多小）-这就是自然选择的过程-这些变异又遗传给下一代。 8. Because of intermarriages in earlier generations, they were also related in other ways. (Para. 8)由于上几代也有近亲结婚的，所以他们之间还有其他亲戚关系。 9. Darwin was known to have confided to his close friends his fears of “hereditary weakness” and it was with these concerns in mind that Darwin felt the need to reflect upon his own life for the benefit of his children. The closeness of the Darwin family and Darwins fondness for his children is further highlighted by the tragedy of his daughter Annies death. Annie was, as Darwin once confessed, one of his favorites and remained the “apple of her fathers eye”.(Para.9)据悉达尔文曾私下对其好友提及对遗传缺馅的忧虑，正是这种担忧驱使他为了孩子们而反思自己的生活。女儿安妮的死使达尔文家庭成员之间的关系更为亲密，也使他对子女的爱更为深沉。达尔文承认，安妮是他最喜欢的孩子之一，视她如“掌上明珠”。10. The thought that living things had evolved by natural processes denied the special creation of humankind and seemed to place humanity on a plane with the animals; both of these ideas were serious contradictions to orthodox theological opinion.(Para.11)生物是通过自然过程进化而来的理论否定了人类是特别的创造，好像把人类和其他动物相提并论，这种观点严重违背了传统的神学观念。 11. In the ensuing debate Joseph Hooker argued strongly for Darwin and Thomas Huxley established himself as “Darwins bulldog” the fiercest defender of evolutionary theory on the Victorian stage. (Para.12)接下来的辩论中，约瑟夫胡克力挺达尔文，托马斯赫胥黎更标榜自己为“达尔文的牛头犬”维多利亚时代进化论的强有力的捍卫者！12. Both sides came away feeling victorious, but Huxley went on to make much of his claim that on being asked by Wilberforce whether he was descended from monkeys on his grandfathers side or his grandmothers side, Huxley muttered: “The Lord has delivered him into my hands” and replied that he “would rather be descended from an ape than from a cultivated man who used his gifts of culture and eloquence in the service of prejudice and falsehood”. (Para.12)双方辩论难分上下，但是当威尔伯福斯问赫胥黎他自己是来自祖父还是祖母的猴群时?”，赫胥黎嘀咕道：“这下他栽倒我手里了。”然后，他回答：“他宁愿选择猿猴做祖先，也不愿自己的祖先是一个用自己的学识和辩才为偏见和谬误服务的有教养的人。13. Huxley portrayed a polarization between religion and science and used Darwinism to campaign against the authority of the clergy in education. (Para.12)赫胥黎把宗教和科学两极化，并用达尔文主义反对教育中牧师的权威性。14. Hostility gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and built on Darwins theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwins theory.(Para.13)科学家们不断辩论、探索和支持达尔文的自然选择理论，人们慢慢认可这种理论。15. These new methods provided insight into how populations remain adaptable to changing environmental circumstances and broadened our understanding of the genetic structure of populations. (Para.13)这些新方法揭示了种群如何适应不断变化的环境，进一步了解了种群的基因结构。16. And new molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. (Para.13)新的分子生物技术比较了不同物种的基因结构，使科学家能确定到现在为止肉眼看不见的物种间的进化关系。Unit 6 EnergyMaking homes, vehicles, and businesses more energy efficient is seen as a largely untapped solution to addressing global warming, energy security, and fossil fuel depletion.(Para.1)Untapped: (1) not subjected to tapping (2) not drawn upon or used- G.R.Harrison 人们很少尝试通过家庭节能、汽车节能、企业节能的方式来解决地球变暖、能源危机及矿物燃料耗尽等问题。Among other things, Lovins popularized the notion of negawatts the idea of meeting energy needs by increasing efficiency instead of increasing energy production.(para.1) 此外，洛文斯还推广了“负能耗”观念即通过提高能源的使用效率而非增加能源的生产来满足对能源的需求。Efficiency often has taken a secondary position to new power generation as a solution to global warming in creating national energy policy. Some companies also have been reluctant to engage in efficiency measures, despite the often favorable returns on investments that can result. A report published in 2006 by the McKinsey Global Institute, asserted that “there are sufficient economically viable opportunities for energy-productivity improvements that could keep global energy demand growth at less than 1 percent per annum” less than half of the 2.2 percent average growth anticipated through 2020 in a business-as-usual scenario. Energy productivity which measures the output and quality of goods and services per unit of energy input can come from either reducing the amount of energy required to produce something, or from increasing the quantity or quality of goods and services from the same amount of energy.(Para.2)A takes a secondary position to B 为了解决地球变暖的问题，国家在制定能源政策时，往往把提高能源效率的重要性摆在新能源开发之后。尽管投入节能措施的回报可观，但是一些公司却一直不愿意采取节能措施。麦肯锡全球协会2006年发布的一份报告称：“提高能源生产率在经济上切实可行，且能够将全球能源需求的增速控制在每年在1%以下。”这一数字还不到预测从现在到2020年正常情况下能耗年平均增长2.2%的一半。能源生产率，是用来衡量每个能源单位的投入所生产的产品和提供的服务的数量和质量的标准。 能源生产率的提高，既可以通过减少产品生产中的能耗来实现，也可以通过保持能耗不变提高产品的数量和质量来达到。Modern power management systems also reduce energy usage by idle appliances by turning them off or putting them into a low-energy mode after a certain time.(Para. 4) 现在的电力管理系统可以使家电运行一段时间后自动切断电源或者将其置于低能耗状态，以降低能耗。Advanced electronic heating and cooling systems can moderate energy consumption and improve the comfort of people in the building. (Para.6) 先进的电加热或降温系统也可以控制能量的消耗，提高居住的舒适度。Newer florescent lights produce a natural light, and in most applications they are cost-effective, despite their higher initial cost. Increased use of natural and task lighting have been shown to increase productivity in schools and offices. (Para. 7) 更新一代的荧光灯能够产生自然光，尽管最初的成本较高，但使用起来成本效益明显。事实证明，学校和办公室多采用自然光和工作岗位照明能够提高节能效率。Cutting-edge designs, such as the diesel Mercedes-Benz Bionic concept vehicle have achieved a fuel efficiency as high as four times the current conventional automotive average. (Para.9) 一些尖端设计的节能型汽车，如奔驰柴油仿生概念车，其燃油效率达到了每加仑84英里，是目前普通汽车平均燃油效率的四倍。Unit 9 Environment1. This year the UNs Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a series of reports that laid to rest any doubts that global warming is real and outlined the frightening consequences of continued inaction.This year the UNs Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published a series of reports that proved that global warming is real and pointed out that if we did not do anything upon it, the consequences would be frightening.今年，获得诺贝尔奖的政府间气候变化委员会发布了一系列报告。报告打消了全球变暖不真实的疑问，指出如果我们继续我们如果继续无所作为的话，那么后果将是不堪设想。2. Unfortunately, the global political community is a long way from speaking with one voice on anything, and climate change is no exception.It is not good that the political communities around the world never agree with each other on anything, they dont share the same opinion on climate change.遗憾的是，全球政治界对任何事情都无法达成一致，气候变化问题也不例外。3. It was at the 1997 conference, held in Japan, that the Kyoto Protocol was passed, but since then, theres been little progress, thanks in no small part to President George W. Bushs determined foot dragging on climate change.Kyoto Protocol was passed at the 1997 conference, held in Japan, but the U.S made little progress because President George W. Bush delayed their action. 1997年在日本举行的会议上，京都议定书获得通过，但此后进展甚微，主要原因在于美国总统乔治布什在气候变化方面步履缓慢，不思进取。1997年在日本举行的会议上通过了京都议定书4. Given how long international treaties take to be developed and ratified, the world needs to begin immediately at Bali the process of preparing a successor to Kyoto to be ready by the end of 2012 otherwise, well be faced with a global vacuum at the very moment when greenhouse emissions must begin falling in order to avoid dangerous climate change. (Para.3)Considering the time to develop and approve international treaties, the world should quickly prepare the next treaty after the Kyoto to get it finished by the end of 2012-otherwise the world will be very dangerous when we try to avoid dangerous climate change.鉴于国际条约的制定和批准旷日持久，全世界需要立即在巴厘岛着手起草京都议定书之后的国际条约，并于2012年末完成。否则，到2012年为避免危险的气候变化而必须开始降低温室气体排放量之时，全球将处于缺乏保护的真空状态。5. The good news is that the White House is seemingly the only place green hasnt gone mainstream. The good news is that it seems the White House is the only place where environmental protection is not the main trend.The U.S. government did not take any action.好消息是白宫可能是唯一一个绿色不是主流的地方。6. There is a building sense that enough time has been wasted and it is time to act.More and more people are realizing that we have wasted a lot of time and we should act now 。就在上周，150个国际大公司-包括通用电器、强生公司和壳牌公司-提出请愿，号召强制减少温室气体排放量。这种请愿在以前简直不可思议。7. States and cities in the U.S. have taken their own steps on climate change in the absence of action from the White House, and Congress is finally ready to step in; representatives just hammered out the details of bill raising automobile fuel economy standards to 35 mpg.(Para.4)Although the government in the U.S. did not take any action, states and cities have taken some measures to avoid global warming. The congress is finally about to do something on climate change. Representatives discussed vehemently in order to reach an agreement on the details of bill raising automobile fuel economy standards to 35 miles per galon.美国政府历来不会签署任何一项新的协议，除非发展中国家以更实质性的方式参与其中即使白宫易主，这个立场也不会改变。8. The U.S. has long maintained that it wont sign onto a new deal unless the developing countries are included in a more substantive way a position unlikely to change even when the occupant of the White House does. The U.S. has insisted for a long time that it wont agree on a new deal if the developing countries are not included in a real way. It will not change its opinion even the president changes.尽管我们需要尽快解决碳排放的问题-政府间气候变化委员会领导说最迟在2015年-Bali只是开始的开始，不是结束。9. With the Bush Administration nearing lame duck status, a 2010 deadline would give a new U.S. Administration time though not much time to enter the process and hopefully take a leading position. lame duck: （US）elected official in his final period of officea lame duck President: 即将卸任的总统While the Bush Administration is in his final period, We hope the new U.S. administration is different from the Bush Administration and will take some actions and become a leader in the process.随着布什政府即将卸任，2010年的最后期限会给新一届美国政府一些时间进入角色，并有望居于领导地位尽管已时日无多。 10. That extra time might also allow China or India to soften their negotiating tactics, and perhaps accept lesser limitations, such as mandatory targets in energy efficiency or renewable power use. （para6 line 7）那段时间也可以使中国和印度能够采取更柔和的谈判策略，也许接受一些轻微的限制，像在能源效率方面制定一些强制措施或者利用再生资源。11. The whole process can seem frustratingly slow, considering how dire the threat of climate change is as if we were convening a town hall meeting to decide to put out a fire that is already raging. （para7 line 1）鉴于气候变化的严重威胁，整个解决过程太缓慢，令人灰心-就像是火灾已经肆虐，而我们还在召开市政会议来商讨怎么灭火。Unit 12 Marriage1. In general, marriage is easiest where people are least differentiated. (Line 6, Para. 1) Generally, when least differences exist between a couple, their marriage is the easiest to maintain.2. Another condition which makes for happiness in marriage is paucity of unowned women and absence of social occasions when husbands meet other women. (Lines 1-2, Para. 2) That there are few single women and no social chances for husbands to meet other women makes another condition for happiness in marriage.3. In order to secure domestic peace where this state of mind exists, it is only necessary that neither the husband nor the wife should fall outrageously below the commonly recognized standard of decent behavior, whatever this may be. (Lines 4-6, Para. 3) 要获得这种心态下维持的家庭和睦，夫妻俩只要不堕落到大家公认的正派行为的标准线以下就行了，无论这是一个什么样的标准。4. Nowadays, many wives, on grounds of womans right to her own individuality and her own career, are unwilling to adapt themselves to their husbands beyond a point, while men, who still hanker after the old tradition of masculine domination, see no reason why they should do all the adapting. (Lines 5-7, Para. 4)Nowadays, many wives do not want to adapt to their husbands without limit, because they would like to maintain their own individuality and have their own career. Husbands, in the mean time, still long for the old tradition of mens domination in the society and find there is no reason why they should make all the adaptations. 5. Marriage as a combination of love with legal bond thus falls between two stools. (Lines 4-5, Para. 5)因此，婚姻作为爱与法律约束相结合的产物便两头落空。 6. For all these reasons, many of which are bound up with things undoubtedly good, marriage has become difficult, and if it is not to be a barrier to happiness it must be c