如何写出博士考试英语summary.doc

如何写英语摘要summary2010-02-13 03:01摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。第一步：阅读A认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。D简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。考博英语冲刺第六课例题习题Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words。 Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development。 Its successful modernization can be traced to the continents rich endowment of economic resources， its history of innovations， the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force， and the interconnectedness of all its partsboth naturally existing and manmadewhich facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas。 Europes economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century， particularly in England。 The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets。 Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land。 The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century。 The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of waterdriven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton。 By midcentury James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids。 Britain had been practically deforested by this time， and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry。 Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances。 The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas。 Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions， which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions。 Industrialization outside of England began in the mid19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany， the Netherlands， southern Scandinavia， and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways。 By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition。 Large areas， however， remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development， including most of the Iberian Peninsula， southern Italy， and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia。 During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity， and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent; but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational characterwhich has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world warsas well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by inc