初中定语从句专题讲解.doc

定语从句专题讲解（加强版）一、定语的概念：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如： (先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语)a beautiful girl（ ）a shoe factory（ ） Jims father ( ) our teacher ( ) the man in the car （ ）the man standing at the door（ ） the man who is talking with Sam （ ） 二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：1定语从句：2. 定语从句的主要特征：三、定语从句的基本用法：关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who做主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下： (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替） (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如： (1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语） (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在句中作宾语） which指物 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.that指人时相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。（一）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。分析：先行词the boys 在从句中作主语。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。You neednt talk to the people who you dont like talking to. 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 译成汉语：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。I lost the book whose cover was blue. 我把那本封面是蓝色的书弄丢了。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。We live in a house whose windows face the south. 译成汉语:_注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose + 名词 _ 4which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 译成汉语:_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 译成汉语：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。5that 引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that /_ came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。 (二) 关系副词引导的定语从句1when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at +which代替。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which代替。Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。注意：当先行词是situation, occasion, point时，且又在从句中作状语时，常用where来引导定语从句。Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尴尬）. He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which来代替。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 译成汉语：_ 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： From the years when (=_) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。I will never forget the moment when (=_) the blind students moved us. Great changes are taking place in the city where (=_) they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why (=_) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例： 非限制性定语从句举例 ：注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didnt pass the exam, which surprised us.五定语从句考查重点：（一）定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人时可以用who/whom）1. 当先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时。2. 当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little, some,much等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。3. 当先行词被the very, the only, the same, the last修饰时。4. 当先行词是who,或which引导的主句时。5. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。(二) 不用that的情况 (1) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (2) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food.（三）关系代词的省略： The factory we visited yesterday was really old. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置) The man you just talked to was my English teacher. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置) 当关系代词在从句中作_时可以省略。（四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy_I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer _we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。注意： 含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。“介词+关系代词”前还可有some